19세기 전반 함경북도 戶籍 자료를 통해 본 어느 一家의 移住史와 土奴婢

Abstract

This paper traces two historical facts: One is Korean immigration to Gando(間島) in the late period of Joseon Dynasty, the other is what “Tonobi”(土奴婢) was, which existed in Hamgyeongbukdo(咸鏡北道) only. An ancient document owned by Yanbian Museum(延邊博物館), China, is utilized. It is a Junhogu(準戶口) issued on December, 1822, that Yi Siyeon(李蓍衍), resident in Myeongcheon(明川), Hamgyeongbukdo, got from the government office. It is highly significant, considering South Korea owns few family register issued in Hamgyeongbukdo. Also, for now, it is the only material contains Tonobi among the family registers in the Joseon Dynasty era. The root of Gongju Yi’s(公州 李氏) family in Hamgyeongbukdo traces back to Yi Kyeom(李謙). He had stayed in Gyeongseong(鏡城) since he was exiled there in the reign of Yeonsangun(燕山君). His descendants had lived in Hamgyeongbukdo area such as Gyeongseong, Myeongcheon, Seongjin(城津) and Gilju(吉州), for more than several hundred years. Among them, Yi Kisoo(李麒壽) and his brother, Yi Boongsoo(李鵬壽) raised an army voluntarily in Gyeongseong when Japanese army invaded Joseon in 1592. This made the family a prestigious noble family in the area. Afterward, Yi Jonghyoung(李鍾衡), great-great-great-grandson of Yi Siyeon, immigrated to Helong(和龍), Yanbian(延邊), China. It seems that it was around 1930s that he and his family crossed Duman River, considering their family record. That is why Yanbian Museum owns Yi Siyeon’s Junhogu. According to the material, Gongju Yi family owned six private servants(私奴婢), one male and five females. There are three characteristics. First of all, they were all family. Secondly, all of females married a commoner. Thirdly, male servant was recorded as “Tono”(土奴) and females were “Tobi”(土婢). Tonobi(土奴婢) was a title given to private servants in Hamgyeongbukdo. And more importantly, they were regarded as Tonobi only if the owner was a native of Hamgyeongbukdo.