EU의 대(對)아프리카 경제동반자협정(EPA) 추진 목적에 대한 비판적 고찰
EU's Economic Partnership Agreement(EPA) with African countries and critical analysis on its motivation
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이 연구는 2000년대 초부터 EU가 아프리카‧카리브해‧태평양 연안국(ACP)과 진행 중인 경제동반자협정(EPA)의 추진배경과 목표를 분석하였다. 이 연구는 특히 사하라이남 아프리카에 초점을 두고, EPA 추진과정에서 EU 의 목표가 무엇이었는지 그 이면의 정치‧경제적 관계를 분석하고자 하였다. EU는 EPA 추진의 가장 큰 이유로 WTO 체제에 순응적인 호혜무역협정의 설계를 제시했다. 그러나 EPA 추진한 이유에는 ACP 시장에 대한 개방, EU를 중심으로 한 규제체제의 확산, 시장의 힘을 통한 개혁의동기부여 등이 복합적으로 얽혀 있다. 이러한 이유로 EU는 상품무역에초점을 두었던 로메 협약 체제와는 전혀 다른 포괄적 EPA를 추진하였다. 협상 과정 중 EU의 통상정책은 시장개척형 FTA 중심으로 재편되었는데, 이 변화 또한 EPA 추진에 많은 영향을 끼친 것으로 판단된다. EPA 협상은 애초 2007년 말까지 완료를 목표로 하였으나, 협상은 느리게 진행되었다. 이에 EU는 기존의 무역특혜를 축소하는 방안을 발표함으로써 상대국을 압박하거나, 지역 내 선도국가와의 우선적인 협상체결, 상품분야에 제한된 기초협상 발효 등으로 기존의 협상계획을 현실에 맞춰 변경해 나갔다. EU와 ACP간의 EPA 협상은 선진국과 개발도상국 간 북-남(North- South) 경제통합의 특징을 그래로 반영하고 있다. ACP는 EU 시장에 대한 접근성 유지가 목표인 반면, EU는 자국 중심의 규제체제를 ACP 전역에 확산시키고자 하는 교환관계가 성립하는 것이다. 그러나 ACP 국가들의 우려와 비판이 계속 제기되는 만큼, 당초 목표로 한 포괄적 EPA 의 타결은 EU-아프리카 관계는 물론, 아프리카 역내의 지역주의 등 복잡한 정치‧경제적 함수 속에서 느리게 진행될 것으로 예상된다.
Abstract
This study examines the background of the Economic Partnership Agreements(EPA) that the EU has negotiated with the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific(ACP) countries since early 2000s. It focuses on the goals of the EU in its EPA policy vis-à-vis Sub-saharan African region and analyzes the political and economic relation behind the negotiations. The official claim of the EU for the EPA is to make its preferential trade regime with the ACP more compatible with the most favored nation principle under the WTO. However, implicit reasons are more complicated as follows; to open the ACP markets to EU's exporter, to spread EU's regulatory framework to the ACP and to provide incentives based on market liberalization. For these reasons, the EU has tried to create a new reciprocal preferential trade regime based on the comprehensive free trade agreement(FTA), which is very different from that under Lomé Convention in terms of coverage. During the EPA negotiations in 2000s the EU changed its trade policy and oriented it toward market-seeking FTAs. This change was reflected on the EPA negotiations under way. The EPA negotiations were slow, while they were scheduled to be finlandize by the end of 2007. In this context, the EU puts pressure to the ACP countries with a possible withdraw of trade preferences in order to force them to accept the EU's proposal for the EPAs. Except few cases, the EU concluded either EPAs with a few and the most well prepared countries from the ACP sub-regions or reduced EPAs limited to trade in goods, which were different from EU's original plan set up in the early 2000s. The EPA negotiations between the EU and ACP are examples of the economic integration between the North and South, termed 'New regionalism'. The ACP countries seek for the market access to the EU, while the EU pushes the entire ACP countries to accept the EU-centric regulatory framework. However, the EPAs become an object of concerns and criticism from the ACP. Given this circumstance, finalizing the comprehensive EPAs will depend on the future EU-ACP relation, as well as complex regional integration schemes in Africa and they might advance more slowly than expected.
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