공산당 계승정당의 정치적 생존과 민주주의 공고화
The Political Survival of Communist Successor Parties and Democratic Consolidation
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이 연구는 민주화 이후 동유럽 국가의 공산당 계승정당(successor party)의 전환과 민주주의 공고화의 관계를 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 불가리아, 체코, 헝가리, 세 국가 모두 선거를 정기적으로 시행하는 최소주의적 민주주의의 정의에 부합하지만, 현재 이들 국가의 민주주의 수준은 다르다. 동유럽의 공산당은 민주화 이후에 어떤 정치적 조건에서 정치적 생존을 위해 어떤 변화를 경험하였으며, 이들의 존속은 정당정치의 특성, 더 나아가 민주주의 발전과 공고화와는 어떤 관련이 있는가? 공산당의 영향력 약화 혹은 지속이 민주주의의 수준과 제도화에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? 분석결과, 첫째, 낮은 분극성이 민주주의 공고화의 충분조건은 아니었으며, 둘째, 당내 한 분파의 압도적 지배보다는 리더십 교체의 제도화가 민주주의 공고화에 유리하였다. 마지막으로, 계승정당의 생존 및 총선에서의 높은 득표율과 의석률은 유효정당 수 증감과 관련이 있었으며, 빠른 시점의 유효정당수의 안정성 확보가 민주주의 공고화 수준에 영향을 미치는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이러한 분석결과는 비민주주의 시기의 지배세력인 공산당 계승정당의 영향력의 최소화가 민주주의 공고화에 긍정적 영향을 미친다는 기존 연구 결과를 뒷받침한다.
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between the transformation of Communist successor party and democratic consolidation in Eastern Europe; Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Hungary. Three countries are the procedural democracies which regular elections are held, but their the levels of democracy are different. What kinds of political changes did communist successor parties experience? Did their survival and its influences make effects on the level of democracy and institutionalization of party politics? As results, firstly, low polarization of society was not the sufficient condition of democratic consolidation. Secondly, leadership alternation, not overwhelming dominance of a faction, is positive to transform the communist successor party. Thirdly, the early stabilization of the numbers of efficient parties make effects on the party system institutionalization. These results supports the previous study that nondemocratic forces’ retrenchment are necessary to consolidate the democracy of new democracies.
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