민주주의 위기의 구조와 대안으로서의 공화주의에 관하여 : 신-로마 공화주의를 중심으로
On the Structure of the Crisis of Democracy and the Republicanism as Alternative
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이 연구는 최근 민주주의 위기 원인을 자유주의가 신자유주의로 극단화되고 민주주의가 포퓰리즘으로 급진화함에 따른 자유민주주의의 해체 상황으로 파악하며, 이로 인해 대안적 정치원리로 공화주의가 부상하고 있음을 주장한다. 흔히 공화주의는 민주주의와 동일시되며, 개인을 강조하는 자유주의에 대한 대안으로 이해되고는 한다. 그러나 공화주의에 대한 20세기 후반부터의 연구는 자유주의의 부작용은 물론 민주주의의 한계까지 극복할 수 있는 공화주의 사상의 가능성에 주목해 왔다. 특히 냉전 해체 이후 자유민주주의에 내재한 자유주의와 민주주의 사이의 갈등이 심화됨에 따라 공화주의는 본격적인 대안적 정치사상으로 주목받기 시작했다. 이처럼 본 연구는 기존의 공화주의 관련 연구들이 공화주의 자체의 내재적 가치에 집중하는 것과는 달리, 최근 공화주의의 부상을 자유주의의 극단화와 민주주의의 급진화라는 역사적 구조 속에서 파악하려 한다. 이와 함께 서구 고대로부터 기원한 공화주의를 현재화하기 위한 혁신의 과제들을 검토하고 대안적 사상으로서 공화주의의 함의를 고찰한다.
Abstract
This article argues that republicanism has gained attention as an alternative due to the disintegration of liberal democracy, in which the liberalism became extreme as neo-liberalism and and the democracy is radicalized into an exclusive ruling concept. The republicanism is often identified with democracy and is understood as an alternative solely to the liberalism that emphasizes the individual liberty. However, the researches of the late 20th century on republicanism have focused on the political possibilities of republicanism that can overcome the limitations of democracy as well as the negative aspects of liberalism. Particularly since the end of the Cold War, with the deepening conflict between liberalism and democracy inherent in liberal democracy, republicanism has begun to be recognized as an alternative. Thus, this article attempts to grasp the rise of republicanism not solely based on its inherent values, but within the historical context of extreme neo-liberalism and radicalized democracy. At the same time, we will examine the challenges of innovation to make republicanism, originated from Western antiquity, still valuable to the present.
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