From the Politics of Recognition to the Politics of Antagonism : The Rise of Populism and the Retreat of Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze political changes in post-Communist Hungary, using the notion of the “politics of recognition and antagonism” developed, respectively, from Axel Honneth’s theory of “recognition struggle” and Carl Schmitt’s concept of “the political.” In Hungary during the system transformation period of 1990-2010, a relatively consolidated democracy was maintained and a politics of recognition was sustained. Since 2010, however, Hungary’s politics has widely been considered to have changed enormously. Hungary’s populism under Orbán has been justified as illiberal democracy. His regime has suppressed democratic and opposite forces, severely infringing on the freedom of the press and speech. The regime has also mobilized nationalistic sentiments in Hungary and has strongly shown anti-EU and anti-refugee policies. Because of Orbán’s populism, a politics of recognition has been transformed into a politics of antagonism in Hungary. When we apply Giovanni Sartori’s theory of party systems to Hungary, it seems that the country is situated on the border between a predominant party system and a hegemonic party system.
Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze political changes in post-Communist Hungary, using the notion of the “politics of recognition and antagonism” developed, respectively, from Axel Honneth’s theory of “recognition struggle” and Carl Schmitt’s concept of “the political.” In Hungary during the system transformation period of 1990-2010, a relatively consolidated democracy was maintained and a politics of recognition was sustained. Since 2010, however, Hungary’s politics has widely been considered to have changed enormously. Hungary’s populism under Orbán has been justified as illiberal democracy. His regime has suppressed democratic and opposite forces, severely infringing on the freedom of the press and speech. The regime has also mobilized nationalistic sentiments in Hungary and has strongly shown anti-EU and anti-refugee policies. Because of Orbán’s populism, a politics of recognition has been transformed into a politics of antagonism in Hungary. When we apply Giovanni Sartori’s theory of party systems to Hungary, it seems that the country is situated on the border between a predominant party system and a hegemonic party system.
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