소환된 과거, 예정된 미래: 체제전환 이전, 이후의 헝가리 포퓰리즘
Summoned Past, Predetermined Future: Populism and Nationalism before and after Transiton in Hungary
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동유럽의 민족주의 우익 정당 중 비교적 성공적으로 대중의 인기를 얻은 정당이 헝가리의 피데스(Fidesz)와 폴란드의 법과 정의당이다. 특히 헝가리의 경우 그 양상이 뚜렷하다. 헝가리 우익정당의 포퓰리즘과 민족주의는 깊숙이 연관되어 있다. 헝가리의 우익, 포퓰리즘 정당은 여러 부분에서 동일한 사상적 기원을 보인다. 헝가리 등에서 타나는 포퓰리즘의 개념은 근대 민족주의의 메타모포시스로 볼 수있다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 포퓰리즘과 민족주의의 문제를 헝가리와 주변국가들을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 특히 포퓰리즘의 양상이 대중적 지지를 확보하며 일상 정치의 주된 이슈가 된 헝가리의 사례는 주목할 만한 가치가 있다. 물론 민족주의와 포퓰리즘이 밀접하게 연관되어 있기는 하지만 둘은 차이점은 명확히 구분되어야 한다. 헝가리와 주변 국가들에서 보여지는 포퓰리즘과 민족주의의 결합은 ‘민족주의와 포퓰리즘의 역사적-이론적 메타모포시스’라고 호명될 수 있다.
Abstract
Among Eastern Europe’s nationalist right-wing parties, Hungary’s Fidesz and Poland’s Law and Justice Party have been comparatively successful. The Hungarian case has some especially distinct features. Fidesz is closely linked to nationalism. The different parts of this right-wing populist party have identical ideological origins. The populist ideas that have emerged across Hungary can be seen as the metamorphosis of modern nationalism. This article examines these kinds of populist and nationalist issues in Hungary and other neighboring countries. The case of Hungary, in which populism has become the mainstay of everyday politics and the means by which leaders acquire mass support is of especial importance. Of course, nationalism and populism are closely linked, but they must be distinguished from each other. The combination of populism and nationalism in Hungary and neighboring countries can be termed the ‘historical and theoretical metamorphsis of nationalism and populism.
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