이스라엘 텔 에 –싸피(Tell es-Safi)에서 발견된 크레타/미노스 문명의 종교 문화적 이동과 변화 －최근 발견된 두 개의 뿔 달린 제단을 중심으로－
Minoan Religious Practice Recently Found at Tell es-Safi, Israel -Based on Two Horned Altar-
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In the last decades, one of the debated issues among the Mediterranean and Near Eastern archaeologists is the origins of the Philistines who settled in the southern Mediterranean seashore in Israel around 12th century BCE. Recently,scholars seem to have agreed with that, because of a certain chaos in the area of the Aegean culture, the people left from their homelands by ships and appeared on the battle scenes with Ramses III in Karnak. The Bible (Amos 9:7;Jeremiah 47:4; Deuteronomy 2:23) tells us that their homeland was island of Caphtor which is Crete in Hebrew. In this island, archaeological remains show that the Minoan culture which led earlier Aegean culture had been demolished around 1,400 BCE, the people of this land had left and their trace has been found in the Cyprus around 1300 BCE. However, not all of them settled in Cyprus and some of them find their permanent living places in the southern Mediterranean seashore of Israel, during the 12th century BCE. The Bible callsthem Philistines and tells us their main cities: Gaza, Ekron, Gath, Ashkelon,and Ashdod. Archaeological evidence in these cities also reveals that there were certain cultural elements, such as pottery, religious figurines, and dietary,relating to the Aegean culture in the beginning of their settlement. However,their cultural specialties have been faded and adjusted to the Israelite culture. Nevertheless, several fascinating finds which can tell us that there were still Minoan or Aegean cultural continuities have been revealed in Tell es-Safi (Philistine Gath). Especially, a two horned stone altar found in 2011 season has drawn international attention. This altar insures us the issue about the relations of the Philistines and Aegean and Minoan culture. The motif of two horned altar has been found on the seals and larnak of Minoan culture. Indeed, it has been already discussed that there was “horns of consecration” symbolic representations of the horns of the sacred bull in Minoan culture. In fact, there is an altar from the 13th century BCE site of Myrtous Pigadhes in Cyprus that also has only two horns. The two horned altar found at Tell es-Safi may be another indication of the Minoan influences on early Philistine culture. However, the decorative features of the altar including its height, horns and the groove are similar to the Israelite altars. Thus we may conclude that when the Philistines came from Aegean region including Crete as the Bible tells, they must bring their own religious aspects and may continue them. However, while they lived with the Israelites, certain aspects must have been changed and became similar to the Israelites’.
Abstract
In the last decades, one of the debated issues among the Mediterranean and Near Eastern archaeologists is the origins of the Philistines who settled in the southern Mediterranean seashore in Israel around 12th century BCE. Recently,scholars seem to have agreed with that, because of a certain chaos in the area of the Aegean culture, the people left from their homelands by ships and appeared on the battle scenes with Ramses III in Karnak. The Bible (Amos 9:7;Jeremiah 47:4; Deuteronomy 2:23) tells us that their homeland was island of Caphtor which is Crete in Hebrew. In this island, archaeological remains show that the Minoan culture which led earlier Aegean culture had been demolished around 1,400 BCE, the people of this land had left and their trace has been found in the Cyprus around 1300 BCE. However, not all of them settled in Cyprus and some of them find their permanent living places in the southern Mediterranean seashore of Israel, during the 12th century BCE. The Bible callsthem Philistines and tells us their main cities: Gaza, Ekron, Gath, Ashkelon,and Ashdod. Archaeological evidence in these cities also reveals that there were certain cultural elements, such as pottery, religious figurines, and dietary,relating to the Aegean culture in the beginning of their settlement. However,their cultural specialties have been faded and adjusted to the Israelite culture. Nevertheless, several fascinating finds which can tell us that there were still Minoan or Aegean cultural continuities have been revealed in Tell es-Safi (Philistine Gath). Especially, a two horned stone altar found in 2011 season has drawn international attention. This altar insures us the issue about the relations of the Philistines and Aegean and Minoan culture. The motif of two horned altar has been found on the seals and larnak of Minoan culture. Indeed, it has been already discussed that there was “horns of consecration” symbolic representations of the horns of the sacred bull in Minoan culture. In fact, there is an altar from the 13th century BCE site of Myrtous Pigadhes in Cyprus that also has only two horns. The two horned altar found at Tell es-Safi may be another indication of the Minoan influences on early Philistine culture. However, the decorative features of the altar including its height, horns and the groove are similar to the Israelite altars. Thus we may conclude that when the Philistines came from Aegean region including Crete as the Bible tells, they must bring their own religious aspects and may continue them. However, while they lived with the Israelites, certain aspects must have been changed and became similar to the Israelites’.
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