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초기 이스라엘, 블레셋, 기후변화와 이주 -지중해 배경에서 히브리 성서 읽기의 사례

Ancient Israel, the Philistines, Climate Change, and Migration: A Case Study of Reading the Hebrew Bible in the Mediterranean Context

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지중해지역원 (상동)|2019.08|지중해지역연구 (Journal of Mediterranean Area Studies)|제21권 제3호|pp. 1-33|DOI 10.18218/jmas.2019.21.3.1

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키워드

기후변화이주MigrationClimate ChangePhilistines후기 청동기 시대 붕괴바다 민족블레셋삼손활 노래The Late Bronze Age CollapseSea PeopleSamsonthe Song of the Bow
주제분류학제간연구

초록

This paper is a case study on reading the Hebrew Bible in the Mediterranean context. In my earlier article, “Reading the Hebrew Bible in the Mediterranean Setting” (2019), I addressed the importance of the climatic and geological setting of the Hebrew Bible. As another case study from this perspective, this paper examines selected biblical passages regarding early Israel and Philistine conflicts in the broader context of the Eastern Mediterranean world. The specific time period is around the Late Bronze Age Collapse (roughly 1,250 - 1,000 B.C.E). I hypothesize that these ethnic/cultural conflicts and the Late Bronze Age Collapse were caused or spurred by climate change. To demonstrate my hypothesis, I will explore the Late Bronze Age Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean and the possible causes of the Philistine migration in the second and third parts of this research. Many theories attempt to explain the cause of the rapid and significant civilization collapse. Since Carpenter (1966) rejected a traditional argument that attributes the invasions of barbarian peoples; such as the Dorians, as an explanation for the Dark Age, alternative views have been suggested. For example, alternative views might include the Hekla III eruption (Yurco 1999), droughts (Weiss 1982), collapse of the social and trade system (Liverani 1987), wars (Drews 1993), earthquake storms (Nur, Cline 2000), and climate change (Finné et al. 2017; Kaniewski et al. 2013; Drake 2012; Stiebing, Jr. 1994; Weiss 1982). After reviewing research on the Late Bronze Age collapse in Greek-Mycenae, Hittite, and Egypt, respectively, this paper demonstrates how climate change became a trigger for the failure of the Bronze Age and for massive migrations of the Sea People, including the Philistines, who caused the early Israelites to suffer a national crisis and lament the deaths of their beloved heroes (Samson, and Saul). In conclusion, we can find two historical and biblical lessons by reading the Hebrew Bible in the background of the Late Bronze Age Collapse. First, the effect of the climate change, 3,200 years ago, was so severe that it not only caused a general collapse of civilization in the Mediterranean, but also caused the Sea People to leave their home. Eventually, the early Israelites suffered the butterfly effect from their migration. The second discovery reveals an historical irony. The descendants of ancient Greeks who migrated to North Africa and the Levant, including modern Syria, do not welcome descendants of ancient North African and Levantine people today. The Hebrew Bible (e.g., Lev. 19:33-34), written for/through the hands of ancient Israelites, who suffered under Philistine authority, provides surprising context and wisdom to solve today’s immigration/refugee issue.

Abstract

This paper is a case study on reading the Hebrew Bible in the Mediterranean context. In my earlier article, “Reading the Hebrew Bible in the Mediterranean Setting” (2019), I addressed the importance of the climatic and geological setting of the Hebrew Bible. As another case study from this perspective, this paper examines selected biblical passages regarding early Israel and Philistine conflicts in the broader context of the Eastern Mediterranean world. The specific time period is around the Late Bronze Age Collapse (roughly 1,250 - 1,000 B.C.E). I hypothesize that these ethnic/cultural conflicts and the Late Bronze Age Collapse were caused or spurred by climate change. To demonstrate my hypothesis, I will explore the Late Bronze Age Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean and the possible causes of the Philistine migration in the second and third parts of this research. Many theories attempt to explain the cause of the rapid and significant civilization collapse. Since Carpenter (1966) rejected a traditional argument that attributes the invasions of barbarian peoples; such as the Dorians, as an explanation for the Dark Age, alternative views have been suggested. For example, alternative views might include the Hekla III eruption (Yurco 1999), droughts (Weiss 1982), collapse of the social and trade system (Liverani 1987), wars (Drews 1993), earthquake storms (Nur, Cline 2000), and climate change (Finné et al. 2017; Kaniewski et al. 2013; Drake 2012; Stiebing, Jr. 1994; Weiss 1982). After reviewing research on the Late Bronze Age collapse in Greek-Mycenae, Hittite, and Egypt, respectively, this paper demonstrates how climate change became a trigger for the failure of the Bronze Age and for massive migrations of the Sea People, including the Philistines, who caused the early Israelites to suffer a national crisis and lament the deaths of their beloved heroes (Samson, and Saul). In conclusion, we can find two historical and biblical lessons by reading the Hebrew Bible in the background of the Late Bronze Age Collapse. First, the effect of the climate change, 3,200 years ago, was so severe that it not only caused a general collapse of civilization in the Mediterranean, but also caused the Sea People to leave their home. Eventually, the early Israelites suffered the butterfly effect from their migration. The second discovery reveals an historical irony. The descendants of ancient Greeks who migrated to North Africa and the Levant, including modern Syria, do not welcome descendants of ancient North African and Levantine people today. The Hebrew Bible (e.g., Lev. 19:33-34), written for/through the hands of ancient Israelites, who suffered under Philistine authority, provides surprising context and wisdom to solve today’s immigration/refugee issue.

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