660년 백제의 영역과 加耶故地

Abstract

This paper is written to examine the correspondence between the real territory of Paekche and records about it at the stage of collapse in 660, and demonstrate the background and characteristics of these records during this period. For this purpose, it will analyze the boundary of Paekche’s expansion, mostly centering on the old land of Kaya, Also, the paper will interpret the records about the Six Taebang (六帶方) and Six Pang (六方), which have been considered as the result of miswriting, to reveal Paekche’s domination over the land. According to the records in the historical texts such as Jiu Tangshu (舊唐書, the Old Book of Tang) or “Datangping Baijiguo Beiming (大唐平百濟國碑銘, “A Stele of Great Tang’s Pacification of Paekche Kingdom”),” Paekche’s structure of local governance consisted of five Pangs (方) and 37 Kun (郡, prefecture). This paper also estimated the boundary of this governance through the records about Paekche’s prefectures and counties in Samguk Sagi (三國史記, History of the Three Kingdoms). As a result, it is confirmed that the boundary of five Pangs and 37 Kuns were likely within the area of Silla’s Ungju (熊州, Ung Province), Muju (全州, Mu Province), and Chŏnju (武州, Mu Province), which are roughly present-day Ch'ungch'ŏngnam-do and Chŏlla-do. Arguably, this boundary could be said to be the territory of Paekche before its collapse. On the other hand, the existence of Paekche’s restoration force could be seen everywhere in the old land of Kaya across Sobaek Mountains around 660, as well as the trace of Paekche’s expedition after the seventh century. Considering the battlefields between Paekche and Silla recorded in Samguk Sagi, it is possible to assume that the western regions from present-day Hapch'ŏn and Chinju were the territory of Paekche until 660. Among these regions, Paekche’s control over Kŏch'ang, Hamyang, Sanch'ŏng, Hadong, Namhae and Chinju were relatively stable, while Hapch'ŏn, the frontline against Silla, would be occasionally unstable borderland. In regard to this argument, by actively interpreting the records about Six Taebang and Six Pang in Tangshu, this paper estimated the existence of the newly established Pang in the old land of Kaya other than the previous five Pangs. The evidences for this suggestion are Paekche’s 1) inevitable necessity of the government system for the newly secured land, 2) range distribution as wide as six or seven prefectures, and 3) militaristic importance of Pang in the war against Silla. Also, by analyzing the compilation date of Kuodizhi (括地志), which was quoted in Hanyuan (翰苑), and Jiu Tangshu, it is likely that there was a new Pang established through organizing the old areas of Kaya after 640. Later, the information collected during this period was recorded as Six Pang in Tangshu. Through this interpretation, it was possible to confirm that there was a gap between the record and reality about the territory of Paekche at the stage of its collapse. The reason for this gap was Silla’s realization of sovereignty over the old land of Kaya, which can be seen in its diplomatic exchanges with the Tang dynasty in the middle of seventh century. After the collapse of Paekche, Silla’s insistence on the sovereignty over the land have presumably reflected on the negotiation between Silla and Tang. As a result, the old land of Kaya, once the territory of Paekche, was returned to Silla after Paekche’s collapse in 660, while Tang planned to establish five commanderies (都督府) in the other part of Paekche’s territory, which, in other word, was the ‘original Paekche territory.’ Thus, the territory of Paekche illustrated in Jiu Tangshu or “Datangping Baijiguo Beiming” was basically the result of the agreement between the winners of the war, namely Silla and Tang, which was strongly influenced by Silla’s realization and objective to reoccupy the old land of Kaya.