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Anonymity, Privacy, and Expressive Equality: Name Verification and Korean Constitutional Rights in Cyberspace

John Leitner
아시아태평양법연구소 (Asia Pacific Law Institute)|2015.06|Journal of Korean Law|제14권 제2호|pp. 167-212|DOI 10.23110/jkl.2015.14.2.002

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키워드

EqualityPrivacyFreedom of ExpressionData SecurityAnonymityReal Name VerificationCyber-DefamationCyber-ContemptInternet LawCyber Law

초록

Korea’s introduction of a name verification system for users of certain Korean websites raised a variety of policy- and rights-based concerns. After several years of political, social, and legal debates, the Korean Constitutional Court ruled that this system, as implemented, unconstitutionally restricted certain basic constitutional rights, including freedom of expression. While the Constitutional Court exercised judicial restraint and employed a prudential approach in its decision, it failed to consider the primary constitutional harms imposed by name verification. I propose that the best defense for anonymous expression, and the most compelling argument against legal identification requirements online, is that Korean citizens are entitled to freedom from prejudicial governmental burdens on their expressive opportunities. Expression is central to participation in a free democracy, forming a powerful basis for the advancement of the rights of otherwise marginalized individuals and groups. It is also essential to one’s dignity within the society. Imposing an ex ante identification requirement effectively undermines the Internet’s unique power for facilitating expression. Mandatory name verification and other similarly burdensome obstacles to online expression disparately impact vulnerable groups, and therefore violate constitutional rights to expression, privacy, and equality. Korea’s unique experiences with name verification are instructive for other nations facing the tension between free expression and competing social objectives.

Abstract

Korea’s introduction of a name verification system for users of certain Korean websites raised a variety of policy- and rights-based concerns. After several years of political, social, and legal debates, the Korean Constitutional Court ruled that this system, as implemented, unconstitutionally restricted certain basic constitutional rights, including freedom of expression. While the Constitutional Court exercised judicial restraint and employed a prudential approach in its decision, it failed to consider the primary constitutional harms imposed by name verification. I propose that the best defense for anonymous expression, and the most compelling argument against legal identification requirements online, is that Korean citizens are entitled to freedom from prejudicial governmental burdens on their expressive opportunities. Expression is central to participation in a free democracy, forming a powerful basis for the advancement of the rights of otherwise marginalized individuals and groups. It is also essential to one’s dignity within the society. Imposing an ex ante identification requirement effectively undermines the Internet’s unique power for facilitating expression. Mandatory name verification and other similarly burdensome obstacles to online expression disparately impact vulnerable groups, and therefore violate constitutional rights to expression, privacy, and equality. Korea’s unique experiences with name verification are instructive for other nations facing the tension between free expression and competing social objectives.

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