Gene Expression Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Following Gamma Radiation under Different Oxygen Levels
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Damage to biomolecules by low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation such as gamma (γ)rays is mostly mediated by the indirect action of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hence the biological effectof γ-radiation is enhanced in the presence of oxygen. To analyze changes in gene expression dependingon oxygen levels, total RNAs from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) irradiatedwith a sublethal dose (100 Gy) were subjected to oligonucleotide microarrays. Under low-oxygenconditions, 124 genes exhibited significant changes in expression, while the number of genes affectedby γ-irradiation more than tripled to 378 under high-oxygen conditions, showing the oxygen effect in thecellular response to radiation. Genes belonging to the SOS regulon were up-regulated regardless ofoxygen levels, but heat shock proteins were induced preferentially under high-oxygen conditions. Thissuggests that the extent of protein damage is greater in high-oxygen than in low-oxygen conditions. Of thefour prophages, the whole Fels-1 genes were induced by γ-radiation under high-oxygen conditions, whichmight trigger prophage induction. Most of the down-regulated genes were associated with virulencedeterminants, such as Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and flagella, which are required for theinvasion and locomotion of S. Typhimurium, respectively. Significant repression of the virulence geneswas observed in high oxygen conditions. Taken together, these results imply that γ-radiation cannotincrease the virulence of surviving S. Typhimurium after irradiation, especially when radiation treatmentis given under high-oxygen conditions.
Abstract
Damage to biomolecules by low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation such as gamma (γ)rays is mostly mediated by the indirect action of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hence the biological effectof γ-radiation is enhanced in the presence of oxygen. To analyze changes in gene expression dependingon oxygen levels, total RNAs from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) irradiatedwith a sublethal dose (100 Gy) were subjected to oligonucleotide microarrays. Under low-oxygenconditions, 124 genes exhibited significant changes in expression, while the number of genes affectedby γ-irradiation more than tripled to 378 under high-oxygen conditions, showing the oxygen effect in thecellular response to radiation. Genes belonging to the SOS regulon were up-regulated regardless ofoxygen levels, but heat shock proteins were induced preferentially under high-oxygen conditions. Thissuggests that the extent of protein damage is greater in high-oxygen than in low-oxygen conditions. Of thefour prophages, the whole Fels-1 genes were induced by γ-radiation under high-oxygen conditions, whichmight trigger prophage induction. Most of the down-regulated genes were associated with virulencedeterminants, such as Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and flagella, which are required for theinvasion and locomotion of S. Typhimurium, respectively. Significant repression of the virulence geneswas observed in high oxygen conditions. Taken together, these results imply that γ-radiation cannotincrease the virulence of surviving S. Typhimurium after irradiation, especially when radiation treatmentis given under high-oxygen conditions.
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