공정거래법상 경쟁제한성 요건의 증명방법에 관한 연구
A Study on the Role of Economic Analysis in Proving Anti-competitive Effects under Korean Competition Law
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참고문헌
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초록
시장지배적사업자의 단독행위, 사업자들 간의 공동행위, 기업결합, 재판매가격유지행위 등이 공정거래법에 위반되는지 여부는 문제된 행위의 경쟁제한성 여부에 따라 결정된다. 따라서 이들 행위의 위법성 여부를 평가함에 있어서 ‘경쟁제한성’이 가장 중요한 판단 기준이 되지만, 구체적인 사건에서 문제된 행위의 경쟁제한성 여부를 판단하기란 쉽지 않다. 대법원은 경쟁제한성의 의미를 직접적으로 밝힌 바는 없지만, 문제된 행위로 인해 경쟁제한효과가 발생하면, 경쟁제한성이 인정되어, 부당·위법하다는 접근방식을 취하고 있다. 한편 경쟁제한성 증명방법으로 이용되는 경제적 분석은 분석방법론 자체에 오류가 포함될 수 있어, 경제적 분석의 논리구조에 친숙하지 않은 법원으로서는 법정에 제출된 온갖 종류의 다양한 경제적 분석 자료의 정확성, 신뢰성 여부를 정확하게 판단하기가 쉽지 않다. 다만 구체적 사건에서 문제된 행위와 경쟁제한효과 간의 ‘인과관계’가 충분히 증명되었는지, 경쟁제한성 증명방법으로 이용된 경제적 분석 방법론이 신뢰할 수 있는 건전한 방법론인지 여부를 검토하고, 필요한 경우에는 민사소송법상의 감정인이나 전문심리위원제도를 활용하여, 경쟁제한성에 관한 경제적 증거를 어느 정도 객관적으로 평가할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 물론 문제된 행위가 효율성 증진 효과와 함께 경쟁제한효과를 동시에 발생시키고 양자 중 어느 것이 더 큰지 여부가 불확실한 경우에는, 감정인제도를 활용하더라도, 경쟁제한성 여부 판단이 여전히 어려울 수 있다. 이러한 상황에서는 과잉집행의 오류와 과소집행의 오류 중에서 어느 하나가 불가피하게 발생할 수밖에 없을 것이다. 특히 동태적 경쟁과 혁신이 일어나고 있는 시장에서 어떤 시지행위의 경쟁제한효과가 분명하지 않은 경우에는, 공정거래법 제4조의 추정 조항으로 인해 시장지배적 지위가 쉽게 추정되는 경향이 있고, 과소집행의 오류로 인한 경쟁제한효과가 동태적 경쟁 과정에서 치유될 수 있는 가능성이 크고, 과잉집행 오류는 혁신을 저해함으로써 사회적 후생에 장기간 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점에서, 과소집행 오류가 과잉집행 오류에 비해 사회적 후생에 비교적 덜 해로운 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각된다.
Abstract
The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act(‘MRFTA’) prohibits various types of acts and practices which may have an adverse effect on competition. As these legal terms are directly related to economic factors, the courts already well recognize that economic analysis can play an important role in the MRFTA cases. Indeed, the courts make every effort to seek decisions that fall within the boundaries of economically sound knowledge. On the other hand, as judges are not trained economists, they lack the economic training that might facilitate the evaluation of economic claims or the evaluation of economic evidence. In addition, there can be the MRFTA cases in which there are two well-qualified economist experts, each employing standard methodology of economic analysis, but arriving at opposite conclusions. In these circumstance, it is hard for the courts to avoid epistemic arbitrariness in fact-finding reasoning. In order to solve this problem, the courts need to use Daubert rule and/or court-appointed experts. Court-appointed experts can be used to address complex economic evidence where the parties provide dueling experts or fail to present the facts adequately.
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