프랑스 민족전선(FN), 포퓰리즘 그리고 파시즘
France’s National Front, Populism, and Fascism
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이 글은 포퓰리즘이라는 용어가 민족전선에 적용된 경위와 그로부터 발생한 다양한 문제점들을 드러내는 데 그 목적이 있다. 첫째, 40년의 세월 동안 변화하는 상황과 환경에 적응하기 위한 전략적인 변화가 있었음에도 불구하고, 민족전선의 이데올로기는 극단적, 유기체적, 배타적 민족주의를 그대로 유지하고 있다는 사실을 감안할 때 민족전선은 신파시즘이나 극우파 같은 용어로 규정되는 것이 마땅하다. 둘째, 민족전선에 포퓰리즘이라는 용어가 적용된 배경에는 프랑스식 파시즘의 존재를 망각하려는 기억의 정치학이 자리 잡고 있다는 사실이 지적되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 이렇게 민족전선에 적용된 포퓰리즘은 한편으로는 ‘인민’과 민주주의에 대한 혐오감을 정당화하는 데 활용되고 다른 한편으로는 민족전선에 민주주의적 정당성을 부여함으로써 인종주의와 극단적 민족주의를 ‘평범한’ 것으로 만드는 데 기여하고 있다. 포퓰리즘이라는 용어는 민족전선을 경멸의 대상으로 만들면서도 동시에 그것을 합리화하는 이중적인 효과를 발휘하고 있는 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to reveal how ‘populism’ applies to le Front National and to expose various problems incurred by this. Firstly, during four decades strategic changes existed which adjusted to changing circumstances and environments. However, when considering the ideology of le Front National which still retains nationalism that is tendentious, organic, and exclusive, it becomes appropriate to replace it with neofascism or the radical right. Secondly, it must be pointed out that behind the application of populism in le Front National is the politics of remembering which aims to neglect the existence of French fascism. Lastly, this applied populism is used for justifying aversion against ‘the people’ and democracy on one hand, whereas it also contributes to alteration of racism and radical nationalism as being ‘normal’. While the terminology ‘populism’ raises le Front National as an object of contempt, it simultaneously displays a twofold effect by rationalizing the object.
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