본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

난민인정절차 중 신빙성 평가의 재구성 -‘박해를 받을 우려가 있다는 충분한 근거가 있는 공포’의 입증을 중심으로

Reconstructing Credibility Assessment in Refugee Status Determination -Focusing on Proving ‘Well-Founded Fear of Persecution’

1

조회

0

다운로드

5

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

난민에 대한 보호의 필요성은 난민 개념과 무관한 이주통제의 강화라는 외적인 요소와 난민에 대한 부정적인 인식, 그리고 난민의 특수성이 난민인정절차에서 어떻게 작용하고 있는지를 규명할 것을 요구하고 있다. 그 출발점은 난민협약상 난민 개념, 특히 그 핵심을 이루는 ‘충분한 근거가 있는 공포’의 해석과 입증, 그리고 여기서 ‘신빙성’이 어떠한 역할을 하는지를 평가하는 것이라고 볼 수 있다. ‘충분한 근거가 있는 공포’의 입증은 증거 확보의 어려움, 문화적 차이 등 난민의 특수성을 고려하여 이루어져야 한다. 그리고 그 특수성을 증거법적 언어로 구성할 필요가 있다. 심사 당국의 조사의무의 존재는 입증책임의 부분적 전환 혹은 완화를 의미한다. 또한 신청자의 진술에 대한 ‘유리한 해석을 통한 이익부여’는 입증책임의 전환 및 완화, 입증의 정도의 완화 등을 의미한다. ‘충분한 근거가 있는 공포’, 즉 박해가능성의 정도는 ‘사실이 존재할 가능성이 사실이 존재하지 않을 가능성보다 높은 정도(more probable than not)’보다는 낮은 정도를 의미한다. 그리고 ‘신빙성(credibility)’의 문제는 신청자의 일반적인 신빙성이 아닌 난민 진술의 신빙성과 관련되고 그 신빙성을 평가함에 있어 트라우마 등 난민의 특수성을 충분히 고려해야 함을 의미한다. 한국의 경우 난민이 아닌 이주민이 경제적 동기 등으로 난민제도를 악용하고 있다는 예단을 전제로 하고 있는 듯한 판시들이 이어지고 있다. 그리고 신청자의 일반적인 신빙성에 대한 평가나 객관적인 상황에 대한 주관적인 평가가 이러한 예단을 뒷받침하는 근거로 제시되는 경우가 많다. 결국 이주통제를 강화하려는 국가의 경향과 난민신청자를 제도를 악용하는 경제적 이주민으로 추정하는 인식이라는 외부적인 요소가 난민신청자의 신빙성에 대한 평가를 매개로 하여 난민인정절차를 왜곡시키고 있다고 평가할 수 있다. 난민의 실질적 보호를 위해서는 ‘충분한 근거가 있는 공포’ 개념에 대한 해석과 그 입증에서 난민이 가지는 특수성이 최대한 반영되어야 하고, 개념 외적 요소의 개입을 최소화하기 위한 인식의 전환과 제도의 개선이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Abstract

The need to protect refugees demands a study on how a reinforced migration control (unrelated to the concept of refugee), negative perception towards refugees, and unique characteristics concerning refugees affect refugee recognition procedures. The starting point of such study will be interpreting and proving a “well-founded fear”, which constitutes the core element of the refugee definition, and the comprehensive evaluation of what role “credibility” plays here. In proving a “well-founded fear”, the special context surrounding refugees, such as difficulty in obtaining evidence and cultural differences, should be taken into account. In addition, this special context should be incorporated into the language of evidence law. The duty of the examining authority to ascertain and evaluate all the relevant facts refers to partial transfer of or relief from the burden of proof. The “benefit of the doubt” given to refugee claimants’ statements stands for the transfer of or relief from the burden of proof and lowering of the standard of proof. The burden of establishing a “well-founded fear”, i.e. the degree of likelihood of persecution, must remain lower than the level of “more probable than not.” As for the issue of credibility, an examiner should fully consider the unique circumstances under which refugees are placed, such as trauma, in examining credibility of the statements given by refugee claimants, and not of the refugee claimants themselves. In Korea, courts have made decisions, which indicate an underlying presumption that an overwhelming number of migrants, who are not refugees, are currently taking advantage of the refugee system with economic motive, etc. And in many cases, evaluation of the refugee claimants’ general credibility and the subjective evaluation of objective situations have been used to support that presumption. In conclusion, it can be said that the refugee recognition procedures have been distorted by the external elements, such as the State’s tendency to tighten border control and the perception that presumes refugee claimants to be economic migrants intent on exploiting the system, through its evaluation of refugee claimants’ credibility. In order to substantially protect refugees, the unique circumstances refugees are put under should be fully reflected in interpreting the term “well-founded fear” and in its substantiation, and the change of perception and institutional reform should be pursued in order to minimize the intervention of external elements beyond the bounds of the relevant concept.

참고문헌 (53)

  1. 사법연수원, "형사증거법 및 사실인정론", ~ (2009)
  2. 서울행정법원, "난민재판의 이해", ~ (2013)
  3. 법무부 난민과, "제6기 난민심사관 양성과정", ~ (2015)
  4. 구회근, "1, 2심 사실인정이 달라진 사건의 원인분석(민사)", 사법발전재단, 법관의 의사결정: 이론과 실무, ~ (2010)
  5. 김성수, "난민인정 요건인 ‘박해에 관한 충분한 근거가 있는 공포’의 증명과 관련하여, 박해 경험에 관한 난민신청인 진술의 신빙성을 판단하는 방법(2012. 4. 26. 선고 2010두27488 판결: 공2012상, 876)", 판례해설, 91, pp.1008~1018 (2012)
  6. 문영화, "난민소송의 특수성과 ‘박해를 받을 충분한 근거가 있는 공포’에 관한 증명책임", 성균관법학, 30(1), pp.41~92 (2018), 법학연구원[DOI]
  7. 오승진, "서울대학교 공익인권법센터, 난민 -그 개념과 함의", 난민지위협약상 공포의 의미”에 대한 토론문, pp.85~89 (2009)
  8. 국내 법원의 난민 관련 판결 동향, "장서연", 난민변호사네트워크 모임, ~ (2007)
  9. 최계영, "성소수자의 난민인정요건 - 대법원 2017. 7. 11. 선고 2016두56080 판결의 비판적 검토 -", 행정판례연구, 22(2), pp.351~388 (2017), 한국행정판례연구회
  10. 난민의 지위, "황필규", 대한변호사협회, 523~556 (2008)
  11. 황필규, "대한민국의 난민인정 관련 법리적 쟁점에 관한 연구: 판례 분석을 중심으로", 한국법사회학회, 연세대학교 법학연구소, 2008년 한국법사회학회 후기학술대회: 지구화시대의 국제인구이동의 통제와 이주자의 권리 (2008)
  12. Anker, Deborah E., "Refugee Policy: Canada and the United States", pp.268~281 (1991), York Lane Press Ltd
  13. Byrne, Rosemary, "Assessing Testimonial Evidence in Asylum Proceedings: Guiding Standards from the International Criminal Tribunals", International Journal of Refugee Law, 19(4), pp.609~638 (2007)
  14. Cameron, Hilary Evans, "Risk Theory and ‘Subjective Fear’: The Role of Risk Perception, Assessment, and Management in Refugee Status Determinations", International Journal of Refugee Law, 20(4), pp.567~585 (2007)
  15. Cianciarulo, Marisa Silenzi, "Terrorism and Asylum Seekers: Why the Real ID Act is a False Promise", Harvard Journal on Legislation, 43(1), pp.101~143 (2006)
  16. Coffey, Guy, "The Credibility of Credibility Evidence at the Refugee Review Tribunal", International Journal of Refuge Law, 13(3), pp.377~417 (2003)
  17. Cohen, Juliet, "Questions of Credibility: Omissions, Discrepancies and Errors of Recall in the Testimony of Asylum Seekers", International Journal of Refugee Law, 13(3), pp.293~309 (2001)
  18. Comparative analysis of gender-related persecution in national asylum legislation and practice in Europe, "Crawley, Heaven", UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, ~ (2004)
  19. Dauvergne, Catherine, "Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law" (2008), Cambridge University Press
  20. Donald, Jeane, "Who Is a Refugee? A Comparative Case Law Study", pp.165~224 (1997), Kluwer
  21. Doornbos, Nienke, "Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures", pp.103~122 (2005), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  22. Feller, Erika, "Who is a Refugee?", International Conference on Refugees in the World: The European Community's Response, pp.63~69 (1989)
  23. Greenspan, Michael, "Asylum Eligibility: Need for Well-Founded Fear of Persecution to be Eligible for Asylum", Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 35(4), pp.545~546 (2007)
  24. Hathaway, James C., "The Law of Refugee Status" (1991), LexisNexis
  25. Herlihy, Jane, "Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures", pp.123~137 (2005), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  26. Hathaway, James C., "Discrepancies in autobiographical memories -implications for the assessment of asylum seekers: repeated interviews study", BMJ, 324(9), pp.324~327 (2002)
  27. Houle, France, "Pitfalls in Relying on Common Law Rules of Evidence for Administrative Tribunals", 9th Annual AIJA Tribunals Conference: Tribunal Practice in an International Context (2006)
  28. "Immigration and Refugee Board Refugee Protection Division, Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection", ~ (2004)
  29. International Association of Refugee Law Judges, "A Structured Approach to the Decision Making Process in Refugee and other International Protection Claims", ~ (2017)
  30. International Association of Refugee Law Judges, "Assessment of Credibility in Refugee and Subsidiary Protection Claims under the EU Qualification Directive: Judicial criteria and standards", ~ (2013)
  31. Kagan, Michael, "Is Truth in the Eye of the Beholder? Objective Credibility Assessment in Refugee Status Determinations", Georgetown Law Journal, 17(3), pp.367~414 (2003)
  32. Kälin, Walter, "Troubled Communication: Cross-Cultural Misunderstandings in the Asylum-Hearing", International Migration Review, 20(2), pp.230~241 (1986)
  33. Macklin, Audrey, "Truth or Consequences: Credibility Determination in the Refugee Context", The Realities of Refugee Determination on the Eve of a New Millennium: The Role of the Judiciary , IARLJ Conference, pp.134~140 (1998), International Association of Refugee Law Judges
  34. "Migration Review Tribunal, Guidance on the Assessment of Credibility", ~ (2008)
  35. Muller-Hoff, Claudia, "Representation of Refugee Women -Legal Discourse in Europe", Law, Social Justice and Global Development, (1) (2001)
  36. Nathawani, Niraj, "Rethinking Refugee Law" (2003), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  37. Noll, Gregor, "Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures", pp.141~160 (2005), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  38. Norman, Steve, "Assessing the Credibility of Refugee Applicants: A Judicial Perspective", International Journal of Refugee Law, 19(2), pp.273~292 (2007)
  39. Popoviv, Aleksandra, "Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures", pp.27~56 (2005), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  40. Ramji-Nogales, Jaya, "Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication and Proposals for Reform" (2007), New York University Press
  41. Rousseau, Cécile, "The Complexity of Determining Refugeehood: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of the Decision-making Process of the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board", Journal of Refugee Studies, 15(1), pp.43~70 (2002)
  42. Sweeney, James A., "Credibility, Proof and Refugee Law", International Journal of Refugee Law, 21(4), pp.700~726 (2009)
  43. UK Border Agency of the Home Office, "Asylum Instruction on Assessing Credibility in Asylum and Human Rights Claims", ~ (2009)
  44. UNHCR, "Guidelines on International Protection No. 9: Claims to Refugee Status based on Sexual Orientation and", or Gender Identity within the context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and, GIP, pp.12, 09
  45. UNHCR, "Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, UN Doc. HCR", IP, Rev.1, 1979[DOI]
  46. UNHCR, "Note on Burden and Standard of Proof in Refugee Claims", ~ (1998)
  47. Vanheule, Dirk, "Europe and Refugees: A Challenge?", pp.91~105 (1997), Kluwer Law International
  48. Vedsted-Hansen, Jens, "Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures", pp.57~66 (2005), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  49. Vevstad, Vigdis, "Refugee Protection: A European Challenge", Tano Aschehoug (1998)
  50. Wydrzynski, Christopher J., "Refugees and Immigration Act", McGill Law Journal, 25(2), pp.154~192 (1979)
  51. Zahle, Henrik, "Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures", pp.13~26 (2005), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
  52. 第47回人権擁護大会 シンポジウム第1分科会基調報告書: 多民族·多文化の共生する社会をめざして-外国人の人権基本法を制定 しよう, "日本弁護士連合会", ~ (2004)
  53. 児玉晃一, "難民判例集" (2004), 現代人文社

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (10건)