대마초 합법화 논쟁: 미국과 네덜란드 사례의 비교분석
Debates toward Marijuana Legalization - A Comparative Analysis between the United States and Netherlands -
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이 논문은 2014년 미국 콜로라도주가 대마초를 합법화한 사건을 계기로 1976년부터 대마초를 비범죄화한 네덜란드 사례를 연구하여 대마초 합법화에 대한 주요 쟁점을 비교분석하고자 한다. 대마초는 현재 전 세계 성인인구의 약 2억 명이 사용하여 가장 많이 사용되는 불법마약이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 대마초의 합법화에 대한 논의는 좀처럼 진전을 보지 못하였고, 여전히 대마초의 의료적인 사용조차도 합의를 이끌어 내지 못하고 있다. 미국 마약정책의 기초는 1970년에 제정된 통제약물법이며, 네덜란드는 1976년에 제정된 아편법을 기초로 한다. 미국은 모든 마약류를 다섯 가지(I~V)로 분류하였는데, 대마초를 바로 I등급 마약으로 분류하여 엄격하게 금지한다. 반면에 네덜란드는 중독성이 강한 헤로인, 코케인, 암페타민 등을‘받아들일 수 없는 위험(unacceptable risks)’으로 보아 강하게 제한하고, 대마초 등은 ‘받아들일 수 있는 위험(acceptable risk)’으로 분류하여 30g 이하의 경우 개인적 사용이나 소비를 허용한다. 대마초에 대한 서로 다른 정책을 시행한 미국과 네덜란드의 사례에서 보듯이 한 나라의 정책은 서로 다른 역사 및 사회적 상황에서 형성된다. 이러한 다양한 환경 때문에 한 나라가 대마초를 불법화하거나 합법화한다고 해도 그 정책의 성공 또는 실패 여부를 단정할 수는 없다. 분명한 사실은 대마초의 오락용 흡연을 허용한 콜로라도 주는 국내외 대마초 합법화에 대한 논쟁의 새로운 계기를 제공하였다. 우리의 경우도 대마초의 유해성에 대한 잘못된 인식을 바로 잡고 또한 의료적 가치를 고려한다면 대마초의 합법화 논의를 더 이상 미룰 수만은 없다.
Abstract
This paper is to analyze the major cases of cannabis legitimization by comparatively studying the Netherlands case of decriminalization of cannabis since 1976 with the legalization of cannabis in Colorado, USA in 2014. Cannabis is currently the most commonly used illegal drug used by approximately 200 million adults worldwide. Nevertheless, discussions on the legalization of cannabis have not progressed well, and even the medical use of cannabis has been debated without reaching consensus. The basis of US drug policy is the Controlled Drug Act established in 1970, and the Netherlands is based on the Opium Law enacted in 1976. The United States classifies all drugs into five categories (I to V), of which cannabis is classified as Class I drugs and strictly prohibited. The Netherlands, on the other hand, strongly restrict heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines, which are highly addictive, from 'unacceptable risks', while cannabis is classified as 'acceptable risk', and up to 30g of it is allowed for personal use or consumption. As in the case of the United States and the Netherlands, which have implemented different policies on cannabis, a country's policies are formed in different historical and social contexts. Because of these diverse circumstances, even if one country legitimizes cannabis or not, it can not be determined whether the policy is successful or unsuccessful. As a matter of fact, the case of Colorado, where allows cannabis for recreational use, provides a new opportunity for domestic and foreign debate about the legalization of cannabis. In our case, we can no longer postpone legitimacy debate on cannabis if we can correct misperception about the toxicity of cannabis and consider medical value.
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