‘통합’의 다양한 차원: 역사·비교지역주의적 관점
Varieties of Integration: A Historical-Comparative Regionalism approach
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 글은 한반도의 특수한 통일문제를 통합 개념과 지역주의 이론들을 통해 장기 역사적, 비교지역주의적 관점에서 분석하고자 했다. 이 글은 근대국가의 형성에 대한 이론들과 지역 통합에 대한 이론의 흐름을 리뷰하여, 한반도의 분단과 통일, 동아시아의 지역통합이 어떤 특성을 갖고 있는지 분석하고자 했다. 먼저 국가 통합의 차원에서 한반도문제를 분석해보자면, 한반도는 주변 강대국의 국가 형성과 팽창의 과정에서 분단과 전쟁을 겪었고, 동아시아 특유의 위계적 지역질서로 인해 복합적 갈등이 분단을 초래했고, 지속시키고 있다. 다음으로 지역통합 이론의 관점에서 최근의 브렉시트와 미중무역 분쟁을 살펴보았는데, 유럽연합은 원래 2차대전 이후 분열과 피해를 극복하기 위한 정치경제적 통합 프로젝트였지만, 최근의 브렉시트는 지구화의 피해를 입는 지역과 사람들의 반발로 정치적 분리주의가 대두하는 ‘포스트 지구화’ 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 미중분쟁 역시단지 강대국간 패권 경쟁이 아니라 무역교류와 경제적 상호의존의 심화의 결과 불만을갖게 된 지역과 사람들의 역풍으로 나타난 반발의 결과이다. 따라서 남북의 통합은 미국, 중국, 일본, 러시아라는 강대국 질서라는 특유의 지역질서를 인식하고 더 우호적인 환경변화를 필요로 하며, 동아시아에서는 한 국가가 일방적으로 추구하는 지역주의 전략은 발달하긴 어렵지만 민간교류의 구체적 분야에서 복합적이고 다층적인 지역 다자 거버넌스가 발달할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
The unique issue of unification on the Korean Peninsula can be academically analyzed through the concept of integration and related theories. The article reviewed theories on the formation and expansion of the modern nation-state and theories on regional integration to examine the historical development process and characteristics of the division and reunification of the Korean Peninsula as well as regional integration problems of East Asia. From a long-term historical perspective and a comparative regionalism perspective, this article tried to answer two questions. First, why was the Korean Peninsula divided? The article argues that from a comparative regionalism perspective, East Asia has a unique regional order in which superpowers encounter, conflict and influence, which are hard to compare with other regions. This regional order has been established in the process of the formation and expansion of modern states by the superpowers. In this regards, the division of the Korean Peninsula is not just due to internal causes, but to the development of the global and regional Cold War, thus left complex tasks to integrate the two states formed with two cold war ideologies (liberalism and socialism) into a post-Cold War unified state. Second, is regional integration possible in East Asia? Europe’s regional integration can be explained by the existing theories of neo-functionalism, new regionalism and comparative regionalism, but the recent Brexit and the U.S.-China trade dispute are new phenomena that cannot be explained by the regional integration theory that has developed so far. The article argues that recent phenomena should be described as ‘post-globalization’ phenomena, where political separatism is emerging due to opposition from regions and people affected by globalization. The U.S.-China conflict is a hegemonic rivalry between two big powers, but it is also a result of populism that has emerged from the headwinds of regions and people that have become disgruntled as a result of deepening economic interdependence. In East Asia, the common regionalist strategy led by governments has not developed, but private-level economic and social exchanges have been made on a considerable scale. Although it is difficult to form a European-style regional community in East Asia, various inter-state cooperation and multi-layered regional governance can be developed based on the ever-increasing volume of societal exchanges. The unification or complex integration process between the two Koreas will also be sustainable only when East Asia’s unique competitive and hierarchical regional order is transformed into a more cooperative and even regional order.
참고문헌 (54)
- 대런 에쓰모글루, "국가는 왜 실패하는가" (2012), 시공사
- 2013, , ~
- 박명규, "양안에서 통일과 평화를 생각하다" (2016), 진인진
- 분리통합연구회, "분단-통일에서 분리-통합으로" (2014), 사회평론아카데미
- 서울대학교 통일평화연구원, "남북한과 중국 양안의 통일과 통합 학술회의" (2019)
- 정태호, "정치적인 것의 개념" (2012), 살림출판사
- 헤르만 헬러, "바이마르 헌법과 정치사상" (2016), 산지니
- Alesina, Alberto, "The Size of Nation" (2003), The MIT Press
- Börzel, Tanja A., "The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism" (2016), Oxford University Press
- Combes, Pierre-Philippe, "Economic Geography: The Integration of Regions and Nations" (2008), Princeton University Press
- Conrad, Sebastian, "Competing Visions of World Order" (2007), Palgrave Macmillan
- Collier, Paul, "The Future of Capitalism" (2019), Hapers
- Crouch, Collin, "Globalization Backlash" (2018), Polity Press
- Deutsch, K. W, "Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience" (1957), Princeton University Press
- Diamond, Patrick, "The crisis of globalization, Democracy, Capitalism and Inequality in the Twenty-First Century" (2019), I.B.Tauris
- Etzioni, Amitai, "Political Unification Revisited: On Building Supranational Communities" (2001), Lexington Books
- Giddens, Anthony, "The nation-state and violence" (1985), Polity Press
- Haas, Ernst. B, "The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950–1957" (1958), Stanford University Press
- Hochschild, Arlie R., "Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right" (2016), New Press
- Huh, Hyeon-Seung, "Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison" (2017), ADB
- Kelsen, Hans, "Der Staat als Integration_ Eine Prinzipielle Auseinandersetzung" (1930), Springer Vienna
- Kuroiwa, Ikuo, "Economic Integration and the Location of Industries: The Case of Less Developed East Asian Countries" (2012), Palgrave Macmillan UK
- Leuffen, Dirk, "Differentiated Integration: Explaining Variation in the European Union" (2013), Palgrave Macmillan
- Lindberg, Leon N., "Regional Integration: Theory and Research" (1971), Harvard University Press
- Lindberg, Leon N., "The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration" (1963), Stanford University Press
- Mann, Michael, "The Sources of Social Power Vol 2, The rise of classes and nation-states, 1760-1914" (1993), Cambridge University Press
- Mitrany, D., "A Working Peace System: An Argument for the Functional Development of International Organization" (1943), Royal Institute of International Affairs
- O’Rourke, Kevin, "A Short History of Brexit" (2018), Pelican Books
- Rodrik, Dani, "The Globalization Paradox" (2011), Oxford University Press
- Stanley, Sharon A., "An impossible dream: racial integration in the United States" (2017), Oxford University Press
- Tilly, Charles, "The Formation of National States in Western Europe" (1975), Princeton University Press
- van Creveld, Martin, "The Rise and Decline of the State" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- Wiener, Antje, "European Integration Theory" (2009), Oxford University Press
- Zeng, Jinghan, "The Chinese Communist Party’s Capacity to Rule: Ideology, Legitimacy and Party Cohesion" (2016), Palgrave Macmillan
- 김학재, "2019 통일의식조사", pp.226~291 (2020), 통일평화연구원
- 이동기, "글로벌 냉전과 동아시아", pp.1~32 (2019), 서울대학교 출판문화연구원
- Collins, Randal, "Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places", pp.198~213 (2013), University of Pennsylvania Press
- Galtung, Johan, "A Structural Theory of Integration", Journal of Peace Research, 5, pp.375~395 (1968)
- Hartmann, Christof, "The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism", pp.528~573 (2016), Oxford University Press
- Hass, Ernst B., "Regional Integration: Theory and Research", pp.20~21 (1971), Harvard University Press
- Hettne, B., "Beyond the ‘New Regionalism", New Political Economy, 10(4), pp.543~571 (2005)
- Hoffmann, S., "Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation- State and the Case of Western Europe", Daedalus, 95(3), pp.862~915 (1966)
- Kampeter, Werner, "European Integration: Promises Lost?", Kim Il Sung University International Conference on the Development of Science and Human Welfare (2018)
- Levy, Jonah D., "The Oxford Handbook of Transformations of the State", pp.33~57 (2015), Oxford University Press
- Lindberg, L. N., "Political Integration as a Multidimensional Phenomenon Requiring Multivariate Measurement", International Organization, 24(4), pp.649~731 (1970)
- Maier, Charles S., "A World Connecting, 1870-1945", pp.29~282 (2012), Harvard University Press
- Mattlin, Mikael, "Structural and institutional integration: Asymmetric Integration and Symmetricity Tendencies", Cooperation and Conflict, 40(4), pp.403~421 (2005)
- McGarry, John, "Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation", pp.41~88 (2008), Oxford University Press
- Neumann, I. B., "Theories of New Regionalism", pp.160~178 (2003), Palgrave Macmillan
- Nye, Joseph S., "Comparative Regional Integration: Concept and Measurement", International Organization, 22(4), pp.855~878 (1968)
- "New East Asian trade blocs create tough choices for China" (2020)[URL]
- Rokkan, Stein, "The Formation of National States in Western Europe", pp.564~579 (1975)
- Sarkees, Meredith, "Inter-state, Intra-State, and Extra-State Wars: A Comprehensive Look at Their Distribution over Time, 1816-1997", International Studies Quarterly, 47(1), pp.49~70 (2003)
- Söderbaum, Fredrick, "The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism", pp.44~85 (2016), Oxford University Press