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인권, 또 하나의 전선: 인권 규범의 미중 갈등 쟁점화와 아시아 태평양 국가들의 대응

Human Rights as Another Front: How Asia-Pacific States Respond to US-China Competition and Confrontation over Human Rights Norms

김지은
통일평화연구원 (Institute for Peace and Unification Studies Seoul National University)|2022.06|통일과 평화 (Journal of Peace and Unification Studies)|제14권 제1호|pp. 65-109|DOI 10.35369/jpus.14.1.202206.65

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참고문헌

키워드

인권Human rights미중 경쟁미중 갈등US-China competitionUS-China confrontationUN Human Rights Council인권 규범아시아 태평양 국제관계유엔 인권이사 회유엔 제3위원회신장 위구르human rights normsInternational relations of the Asia-PacificUNGA Third CommitteeXinjiang Uyghurs

초록

미중 갈등의 본격화와 함께 인권 규범 역시 또 하나의 전선이 되고 있다. 이에 대해 아시아 태평양 지역의 주요 국가들은 어떻게 대응하고 있는가? 본 논문은 평화 담론 및 실천의 핵심 요소이자 인간 존엄성에 기반을 둔 인권이라는 사안이 미중 패권 경쟁 속에서 어떻게 정치도구화 되며 아시아 태평양 지역에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지 살펴봄으로써 다가올 시대의 역내 평화 질서 이해에 기여하고자 한다. 유엔에서의 양국 인권 담론 경쟁 그리고 중국 신장 위구르 인권 문제에 대한 국가들의 대응 양상 및 결정 요인은 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 미국이 추구하는 서구식 자유주의 인권 담론은 주요 동맹국을 중심으로 지지를 얻고 있으며, 중국이 제시하는 대안적 담론으로서의 개발·발전권 역시 동남아 개발도상국들을 중심으로 일정한 호응을 얻고 있다. 둘째, 신장 위구르 문제에 대해서는 보다 복잡한 대응양상이 관찰된다. 미국의 주요 동맹국 다수는 대중 압박에 적극 동참하고 있고, 자국 내 인권 문제가 있는 국가들은 중국을 옹호하며, 그 외 국가들은 조심스러운 중립을 유지하고 있다. 셋째, 이상과 같은 각국의 상이한 대응 양상은 미국의 정책과 동맹 관계, 중국식 인권 담론의 호소력, 각국의 인권 상황 및 내정불간섭주의 정책이 복합적으로 영향을 미친 결과로 분석된다.

Abstract

As the US-China strategic competition intensifies, human rights norms are becoming another front between the two great powers. How are major states in the Asia-Pacific responding to this challenge? By examining how the issue of human rights—an essential element of peace discourse and practice—is becoming a strategic tool in US-China competition, this article aims to contribute to the understanding of the evolving peace order in the Asia-Pacific. This study on the patterns and determinants of regional states’ responses to (1) the US-China competition for human rights discourse in the United Nations and (2) the human rights violations in Xinjiang suggests the following findings. First, the liberal human rights discourse promoted by the US obtains support from its major allies, while China’s alternative discourse emphasizing the right to development receives support mostly from Southeast Asian developing states. Second, responses to the Xinjiang issue vary. While most major US allies actively participate in pressuring China, countries with poor human rights record actively defend China. Others cautiously remain neutral. Third, such varying responses are due to a confluence of US policy and alliance, the appeal of China’s human rights discourse, regional countries’ varying human rights records and their non-interference policies.

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