혁신주의 시기 뉴욕의 노동조건 개혁 운동과 그 다면성 : 트라이앵글 공장 화재사건을 중심으로
The Labor Condition Reform Movements of New York City in the Progressive Era and Their Complexity : Laying Emphasis on the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
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1911년 3월 25일 뉴욕 주 맨해튼에서 발생한 트라이앵글 화재는미국 산업사회가 지속적으로 자행해왔던 노동자 탄압과 그로 인해억압받았던 이민 노동자들의 실상을 드러낸 사건이었다. 이 사건의직접적 원인은 자본가들이 이윤을 추구하는 과정에서 소홀히 하였던안전시설과 노동자들에게 부여한 강압적인 통제에 있었으며, 사건을처리하는 과정에서 공장측은 사건의 피해자들이었던 유대인 여성노동자들에게 책임을 전가하기 위해 이들의 정신적인 열등함을 강조하며당시 사회가 가졌던 이민 노동자에 대한 편견을 드러내었다. 그러나유대인 여성 노동자들은 이런 편견과 달리, 동유럽에서의 노동 경험과새롭게 정착한 미국에서 맞닥뜨리게 된 경제적 현실에서 획득한 강력한계급의식을 통하여 열악한 노동조건에 적극적으로 저항하려는 모습을보여주고 있었다. 또한 이러한 열망은 ILGWU를 위시한 노동조합과, 사회변혁을 위해 노동자들의 생활 개선에 집중하려 하였던 중상류층의혁신주의자들에 의해 적극적인 지원을 받고 있었다. 하지만 이러한 노동자 보호의 이면에는 이민 여성 노동자들의 자발적인의견을 억누르고 자신들의 이해관계에 걸맞게 산업사회를 재편하기 위해이들을 종속시키려 했던 양자의 의도가 감춰져 있었다. 남성 중심의노동자 위계를 유지하고자 했던 노동조합과, 여성 노동자들의 급진성을억누르고 중산층의 가족 구도를 투영시켜 그들을 재생산에 종사시키고자하였던 중산층의 혁신주의자들 모두는 이민 여성 노동자들의 특정한범주만을 강조하면서 이들이 가진 복합적 정체성을 직시하는 데실패하였다. 또한, 양자의 이념은 뉴욕주공장조사위원회(New York State Factory Investigating Commission)의 창설과 노사 간의 사적협의를기반으로 한 프로토콜리즘(Protocolism)의 도입을 통해 각각 실질적인개혁활동으로 전개되었으나, 양자 모두 근본적인 착취구도에 대한 성찰없이 자신들의 편향된 이념을 그대로 답습하면서 개혁의 동력을 유지하는것에 실패하였다.
Abstract
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fatory Fire of 1911 in Manhattan, New York City revealed the exploitation of American industrial society and the reality of oppressed immigrant workers. The direct cause of this disaster was the coercive restrictions on the workers and inadequate safety facilities induced by the capitalist who pathologically pursued profts. Also, during the trial of the fre, the employers exemplifed the prejudice of American society towards the immigrant workers, attributing the responsibility of deaths to the mental inferiority of the Jewish female workers, who were main victims of the fre. The Jewish female workers, however, contrary to those prejudices, actively resisted to the poor working conditions through the strong class consciousness gained from the experience of labor in Eastern Europe and the economic situation they faced in the newly settled America. This enthusiasm was also supported by the trade unions such as ILGWU and middle-class reformers who sought to improve the living standard of working class for social reformation. Behind the labor protection, however, there were hidden intentions of both sides to reorganize the industrial society according to their own interests by suppressing the independent voices of the immigrant female workers and subordinating them. The trade unions who wanted to maintain a male-dominated hierarchy and the middle-class reformers who wanted to reflect the ideal image of bourgeois family to female workers thereby make them compulsory engage in reproductive works, both stressed only the limited identities of immigrant female workers and failed to notice their complexity. In addition, their ideologies were developed into practical policies with the introduction of ‘Protocolism’, based on the private agreement between labor and management, and the legislative reform of the ‘New York State Factory Investigating Commission’ However, sticking to their biased ideals without rethinking about the system of exploitative labor condition, they failed to maintain the power of reform.
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