루이 베르트랑과 식민 파시즘
Louis Bertrand and Colonial Fascism
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프랑스의 작가 루이 베르트랑(Louis Bertrand, 1866-1941)은 식민주의와 결탁한 민족주의가 어떻게 fascism과 연결되는지를 보여주는 중요한 사례이다. 그는 모리스 바레스(Maurice Barrès), 샤를르 모라스(Charles Maurras) 같은 당시 민족주의자들과 마찬가지로 프랑스 민족이 쇠퇴하고 있다는 강박관념에 사로잡혀 있었다. 그러나 이들과는 달리 베르트랑은 프랑스 민족의 재생 가능성을 식민지 아프리카, 특히 알제리에서 찾았다. 그에게 식민지 알제리는 라틴 아프리카(une Afrique latine), 적개심(sens de l’ennemi), 재야만화(rebarbarisation), 새로운 인종의 탄생과 같은 증오와 폭력, 파괴와 재생의 이념을 다듬고 벼릴 수 있는 공간이었다. 말년에 저술한 『히틀러』는 알제리 식민지라는 공간에서 만들어진 베르트랑의 민족주의가 어떻게 나치즘에 대한 공감적 통찰로 이어졌는지를 보여준다. 그간 파시즘 연구에서 주목받지 못했지만, 베르트랑의 이념은 식민주의가 파시스트 이데올로기의 요람 역할을 할 수 있다는 사실을 보여주는 주목할 만한 예이다.
Abstract
The French writer Louis Bertrand (1866-1941) is an important example of how nationalism in collusion with colonialism can lead to fascism. Like other nationalists of his time, such as Maurice Barrès and Charles Maurras, he was obsessed with the idea that the French nation was in decline. Unlike them, however, Bertrand saw in colonial Africa, and particularly in Algeria, the possibility of regenerating the French nation. For him, colonial Algeria was a space where he could hone and refine his ideologies of hatred and violence, destruction and renewal: Afrique latine, sens de l'ennemi, rebarbarisation, and the creation of a new race. His late book Hitler shows how Bertrand's nationalism, forged in the space of colonial Algeria, led to empathetic insights into Nazism. Although he has been largely ignored by fascist studies, Bertrand is a remarkable example of how colonialism can serve as a cradle for fascist ideology.
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