滿漢合璧 成語 辭典 『淸文典要(大全)』 硏究

Abstract

This paper examines the compilation background and format of the idiom dictionary Cheongmunjeonyo (淸文典要)(1738) and Cheongmunjeonyodaejeon (淸文典要大全)(1793) written in Manchu and Chinese characters together (滿漢合璧) which produced during the Qing Dynasty. At this time, this paper focused on the fact that the two books, which presented headwords selected from important parts of Confucian scriptures in order of number of Chinese characters, faithfully reflected the background of the times. The historical background refers to the Qing Dynasty's imperial translation examination (繙繹考試), the translation of the classic scriptures (經書滿譯), and the New Qing language (新淸語) project. The imperial translation examination, which was implemented in earnest from the Yongjeong (雍正) period, was the main route for Bannermen (旗人) to be appointed to government positions under the Eight banners (八旗) system. The questions on the translation exam were taken from the translated version of the scriptures produced and distributed by the government since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. However, since the contents of the scriptures were extensive, there was a demand for books such as Cheongmunjeonyo that summarized the main points. Accordingly, after the first publication of Cheongmunjeonyo in 1738, Cheongmunjeonyodaejeon, which expanded it, was republished in 1793. This proves that there was continued demand for the two books as test books for the translation exam. Cheongmunjeonyodaejeon uses Cheongmunjeonyo as its original text, but improves all the limitations of the first edition. First of all, the two books inherited Zihui (字彙) and Kangxizidian (康熙字典), respectively, and classified headwords in the order of Chinese character radicals (部首). Above all, it is important that Cheongmunjeonyodaejeon revised the full translation of the first edition to reflect Eojaebeonyeoksaseo (御製繙繹四書) or Yeojejeungjeongcheongmungam (御製增訂淸文鑑) published during the Qianlong period. Emperor Qianlong (乾隆) pointed out the problem of the Chinese language being mixed into the Manchu language through irregular sound borrowed (音借) methods, defined the new language (新淸語), and compiled Yeojejeungjeongcheongmungam. This was also reflected in the Manchu language written in Manchurian books of the time. Accordingly, the headwords that were transliterated (音譯) in 『Cheongmunjeonyo』 were modified by the method of paraphrase (意譯) in 『Cheongmunjeonyodaejeon』. In this way, Cheongmunjeonyo and Cheongmunjeonyodaejeon have research value in that they were books produced by the private sector with the national project implemented during the Qing Dynasty in mind and were actively distributed until the late Qing Dynasty.