제프리 알렉산더의 문화사회학
Jeffrey Alexander"s Cultural Sociology
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초록
알렉산더는 문화사회학 연구 이전에 사회학 이론의 두 대립축인 행위와 구조, 물질과 관념을 통합하려는 이론적 야심을 갖고 있었다. 통합의 시도는 이론적 논리의 다차원성을 강조하는 신기능주의를 탄생시켰다. 다차원성의 메타이론적 요구가 문화사회학이라는 특정한 분야의 특정한 이론에서 반영될 수 있을까? 이러한 의심이 종종 알렉산더 문화사회학에 대한 비판으로 이어졌지만, 이 글은 그의 문화사회학 여정에서 다차원성의 논리가 지속적으로 작용하고 있었으며 문화 연구의 사회학화에 크게 기여하였음을 주장하고자 한다. 알렉산더는 문화의 상대적 자율성을 확보하기 위하여 후기 뒤르케임의 종교사회학을 문화사회학 여정의 첫 출발점으로 삼았으며, 다차원성의 논리로 서로 모순적이기도 한 다양한 문화 이론들을 흡수함으로써 행위, 문화, 사회체계 간의 상호침투를 조명할 수 있었다. 특히 ‘시민적 개선’ 개념은 시민사회의 문화구조에 의해 조직된 담론이 사회체계의 영역들을 민주화시키는 방식을 탐색하게 한다. 최근에 그의 문화사회학 기획을 보다 선명하게 공식화한 강한 프로그램과 공연에 초점을 둔 문화화용론 역시 그 기저에는 다차원성의 논리가 작동하고 있다.
Abstract
Before advancing into the realm of cultural sociology, Alexander had harbored an ambition to theoretically integrate the two opposing axes of sociological theory ― action vs. structure and materialism vs. idealism. From this attempt at integration emerged neofunctionalism that emphasizes the multidimensionality of theoretical logic. Could the meta-theoretical imperative of multidimensionality be reflected in a specific theory in the specific field of cultural sociology? In face of such doubts that have often entailed criticism of Alexander"s cultural sociology, this paper intends to argue for both the viability of the multidimensional logic and its role as the foremost contributor to the sociologization of cultural studies. With a view to securing relative autonomy of culture, Alexander set out on a voyage of cultural sociology from the Durkheim"s sociology of religion. With his multidimensional logic enabling him to incorporate various, often contradicting, cultural theories, he could shed light on interpenetration between action, culture and social system. His conceptualization of "civil repair," in particular, has made it possible to explore how the discourse organized by the cultural structure of civil society democratizes different spheres of a social system. At the foundation of Alexander"s latest cultural sociological project, formulated as "strong program," and performance-focused cultural pragmatics, this multidimensional logic is still hard at work.
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