일본의 해부학 서적 번역과 한말 해부학 교과서

Abstract

This paper examines how Japanese translated anatomy books imported from western countries in the Meiji period, including Imada Tsukanu’s Jitsuy!kaib!gaku (實用解剖學), determined the meaning of Haebuhak (해부학), the first Korean anatomy textbook published in Korea, related to the medical education system and medical terminology in East Asia. With the translation of Kaitai sinsho (解體新書) in the mid-eighteenth century, the translation of medical terminology in Japan continued. Around the mid-nineteenth century, many western books relating to politics, philosophy, laws and medicine were translated into Japanese under the modernization and westernization policy of the Meiji Government. Western medical terminology was actively translated into Japanese. Some matched traditional medical terminology, however, others needed new words to express different perspectives for the human body. Newly translated words were created by combining Chinese characters (Z!go), which were then assigned to the new medical terminology. Various medical terms were produced, however the unification of terms was not achieved easily because it had not been accomplished in western countries either. From the late 1870s, the medical school at the University of Tokyo led medical education, and its textbook spread other medical schools. This contributed development and unification of medical terms as a result. Jitsuy!kaib!gaku (實用解剖學) published in 188 7 by Imada Tsukanu, a professor of the department of anatomy at the University of Tokyo is an appropriate example. This book gained popularity for medical education because it included mainly German anatomy knowledge, along with some of British and American information that had already been imported into Japan with a large number of anatomic drawings. Oliver Avison, the director of Jejungwon and Severance Hospital, chose Imada’s book to translate into Korean by considering the political and social surroundings of East Asia in the early twentieth century. Its educational suitability such as the table of contents, anatomic drawings were also reasons he chose to translate this particular book. As a result, the translation of Imada’s book into Korean brought the spread of anatomical knowledge in Korea, which was related to the formation of the anatomical knowledge and medical terminology in Meiji Japan. However, Avison and his disciple Kim Pil-soon revised the content and terminology based on their medical knowledge, also tried to use Hangul instead of Chinese terms referring to the human body. The publication of Haebuhak (해부학) holds great significance because it provided a chance for the general acceptance of the anatomical knowledge that came into East Asia by using the country's native language.