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2022년 여론조사로 본 우크라이나 동·남부의 내셔널 아이덴티티(National Identity)

National Identity in the Eastern and Southern Ukraine in 2022: a National Survey Analysis

박지광
동유럽발칸연구소 (East European and Balkan Institute)|2022.08|동유럽발칸연구|제46권 제3호|pp. 179-209|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2022.46.3.179

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우크라이나러시아Ethnic IdentityRussia민족 정체성우크라이나 전쟁2022 Ukraine War민족 분쟁Ukraine발생주의내셔널 아이덴티티돈바스Civic Identity시민 정체성혈통 정체성Ukraine National IdentityDonbass
주제분류학제간연구

초록

우크라이나 전쟁이 벌어지고 있는 2022년 현재 우크라이나가, 특히 우크라이나 동남부 지역이, 러시아와 내셔널 아이덴티티를 공유하고 있는지에 대해 뜨거운 논쟁이 벌어지고 있다. 기존의 연구들은 소비에트 연방 해체 이후 우크라이나에 거주하는 혈통적 러시아인들이 점진적으로 러시아인로서의 정체성을 잃어버리고 러시아-우크라이나인라는 독특한 이중 정체성을 발전시켰음을 보여준다. 그리고 크림반도 사태 이후 이러한 이중 정체성이 급격하게 순수 우크라이나 정체성으로 변환되고 있다는 주장이 최근에 우크라이나 학자들에 의해 강하게 제기되고 있다. 본 논문은 2022년 2월 우크라이나에서 실시된 여론조사자료를 바탕으로 우크라이나 동·남부에서 우크라이나 내셔널 아이덴티티가 증가하였지만 기존의 주장만큼 광범위한 변화는 아님을 보여준다. 이러한 우크라이나에서의 내셔널 아이덴티티 변화는 내셔널 아이덴티티 논쟁에 있어서 한 개인의 내셔널 아이덴티티가 출생으로 정해지고 일생 동안 지속된다는 발생주의적 입장보다는 상황에 따라 변화할 수 있다는 도구주의적 입장을 지지한다.

Abstract

The Russia-Ukraine conflict over territory is rekindled by the Russia’s military invasion into Ukraine in February 2022. Russia takes it as the pretext of this invasion to protect the Russian-speaking population in Ukraine which accounts for about one-third of the Ukraine population. Russia has insisted that Ukraine does not have a separate and independent national identity distinct from Russia. Russia further insists that Ukraine was historic allyl a part of Russia and should be incorporated into the Russian civilization world. Radical Russian nationalists believe that it is their duty to reclaim the Eastern Ukraine which rightfully belongs to Russia but is mistakenly given to Ukraine. Ukrainian politicians and scholars deny any of these claims made by Russian nationalists. This debate between Russia and Ukraine over Ukraine’s identity largely depends on the definition of national identity. national identity can be defined as ethnical or civic one. Ethnically, Ukraine has a national identity close to Russia’s. However, in terms of civic identity, Ukraine has a distinct identity from Russia’s. Ukrainian scholars emphasize that most residents in Ukraine have Ukraine civic identity and have fortified it in the wake of the Crimean Peninsula annexation and the Donbass war in 2014. On the other hand, Russian nationalists deny this argument. To answer the questions, this article conducts a nationally representative telephone survey in Ukraine in February, 2022. The survey shows that about 70% of the respondents identify themselves as entirely Ukrainian citizen. Even in the East Ukraine, over 50% of the respondents do so. Thus, the Russian nationalists claim that the Russian-speaking people in the East feel Russian national identity is not empirically supported by our survey. However, the Ukrainization of Russian-speaking people in the East has not occurred as widely as some scholars assert although there is clear evidence for the phenomenon.

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