國家、儒學、知識份子 ――建議“作為批判性論述的儒學”
Confucianism, Intellectuals, and the State: Reconstructing Confucianism as a Critical Discourse
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這篇文章統攬改革開放時期前後中國近現代100-150年間的儒學的存在形象,並用批判的形式探討對國家和知識分子將儒學以怎樣調動。執政者的立場來說孔子和儒學,無論是正面還是反面的,都是最能左右人民的情緒的核心象征。所以無論是冷落它還是提倡它,始終不能擺脫孔子的影響。在這種認識之下,在現代中國的儒學複興與文明中國的再建有密切聯動的前提下,此文章進行討論性。改革開放以後,經濟增長作爲基礎,儒學成爲文明治國的再建計劃的基礎思想。所以現在中國的儒學複興現象可以說是歸於國家的決定和知識分子自發與半自發的合作的結果。這篇文章將它視爲‘作爲權力-知識複合體的儒學’這個角度研究,‘作爲批判談論的儒學’是針對‘作爲權力-知識複合體的儒學’。爲了‘作爲批判談論的儒學’的再建我們需要關注擔任著道德覺悟,天下秩序的承擔者的士階層的傳統角色。爲此,此片文章將儒學從國家和資本分離,並限制和批判它們,限制既得權力的社會理念,主張21世紀的大同思想的重建。
Abstract
This paper examines how Chinese intellectuals and the Chinese government utilized Confucianism when China began to open its markets in 1980s. For many Chinese politicians, Kongzi and Confucianism are key symbols which can greatly impact the perceptions of Chinese people in regards to their policies and actions, both positively and negatively. In this regard, Kongzi cannot be overlooked when examining Chinese policies which are concerned Confucian traditions. While Confucianism was widely dismissed when Socialist systems prevailed, it has risen to become a key ideology in Chinese political life following the economic reforms which began in the 1980s. This trend shows that the revival of Confucianism has not been a natural, spontaneous historical consequence, but an intentional discovery by the Chinese government. This paper argues that the revival of Confucianism is a cooperative creation between the state, intellectuals, and the media with the common goal of recreating a Chinese cultural empire. This paper refers to the Confucianism which has been created by the three parties as “Confucianism as a compound of power and knowledge,” and uses the term “Confucianism as a critical discourse” as its counterpart. This paper also attempts to disseminate Confucianism as a critical discourse with an emphasis on the traditional role of shi 士 (literati) who tried to internalize moral awareness and universal order.
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