Skeletal Muscle Recovery in Sports: Thermal Approaches

Abstract

Skeletal muscle regenerative capacity largely relies on muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells, and is carefully controlled by various factors, including cellular metabolism and the role of mitochondria. This article reviews how cryotherapy and thermotherapy influence the stages of skeletal muscle regeneration, with a focus on their practical use for athletes. We examine their impact on inflammation, muscle cell growth and differentiation, and the function of mitochondria. Findings indicate that while cryotherapy is effective for immediate symptom management, its potential to suppress cellular activity may hinder long-term regenerative gains. In contrast, thermotherapy shows promise for actively promoting muscle repair by stimulating key anabolic pathways at a later phase of recovery. This review suggests that a strategic, context-dependent application of these therapies, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, is crucial for optimizing skeletal muscle recovery in sports.