淸代 行商의 紳商的 성격 ― 潘氏家族의 사례를 중심으로
Characteristic as the gentry-merchant of the Hong merchants in the Qing period - Centered on the case of the Pan family -
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종래 淸代 대외무역 특허상 行商에 대하여 그 경제적 측면에 대한 연구는 수없이 많았지만 그들이 紳士의 일원으로서 활동한 사회적 측면에 대해서는 거의 연구가 없었다. 본고에서는 行商이 商人이면서 紳士라는 점에 착안하여 그들을 紳商의한 부류로 파악하고 그러한 측면을 해명하고자 하였다. 모든 행상을 대상으로 하기에 곤란하여 대표적 행상의 하나인 潘氏家族에 한정하였다. 이들은 모두 科擧나 관직매매(捐納)를 통해 신사 학위나 官銜(최고 종2품)을 지닌 신사의 일원이었다. 청정부에 대한 기부(捐輸)와 민간사회에 대한 기부나 공헌을 통하여 활발한 사회공익활동을 하였다. 특히 서양인과의 잦은 접촉을 통하여 서양의 문물을 접할 기회가 많았고 이에 따라 근대적 지식과 인식을 수용함으로써 새로운 지식인의 유형(紳商)을형성하였다고 생각된다.
Abstract
In the past, there have been countless researches on economical aspects about the Hong merchants(行商, hangshang) who monopolized foreign trade of the Qing period. However, there has been almost no research on the social aspect where they acted as a member of the gentry. This paper, based on the fact that the Hong merchants are the gentry at the same time being merchants, apprehended the Hong merchants as a kind of the gentry-merchant(紳商, shenshang) who worked in the late Qing Dynasty and tried to explain their gentry-merchant characteristic. As it was difficult to have all the Hong merchants as subjects of analysis, this paper limited analysis to merchants with surname Pan who were one of the representatives of the Hong merchants. These are Zhencheng Pan(潘振承), Youdu Pan(潘有度), and Zhengwei Pan(潘正煒) who managed Tongwenhang(同文行),Tongfuhang(同孚行), and Zhangyao Pan(潘長耀), Zhengwei Pan(潘正威),Shicheng Pan(潘仕成) who were related to them by blood ties. They were all members of the gentry who obtained the status of gentry through Keju(科擧), the state examination to recruit ranking officials, or obtained official’s brevet rank(官銜) through traffic in government positions(捐納). They played an active part in common good of society by acts such as donating military expenditure or costs for flood control measures to the Qing government,aiding the poor, establishing education facilities and spreading vaccination. Moreover, they were active in individual scholastic culture activity. Through such points, one can satisfyingly find standard features of the gentry. However, they had many opportunities to learn Western culture through frequent contacts with Western merchants, and it is thought that they have formed new category of intellectual by accepting modernized knowledge and awareness. Especially in case of Shicheng Pan, he showed advanced feature such as imitating American warship to manufacture a warship, manufacturing gun powder and submarine mine following Western science technology. In this respect, their activity revealed a new side which could not be seen in China previously.
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