샤를마뉴의 대관식 의례와 그 의미

Abstract

The coronation of Charlemagne symbolizes the union of three elements that formed the basis for the medieval civilization, i.e. Roman Empire, the roman catholic faith and the Franks. The rite of coronation was composed of some steps: crowning, clamor(laudes), anointing(or untion) and adoration. Since the roman coronation rite had not performed from the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the pope, presider of this rite, might imitate the coronation rite of Byzantine Emperor. Crowning, clamor, and adoration were same as those of Byzantine tradition. The crown must be the diadem, same as layed on the head of Byzantine Emperor. It means the choice of the god. And the clamor means the agreement of people(vox populi) from ancient Rome. These two ceremonies, based upon the tradition of Roman Empire, represent the sources of power: the choice of the god and the election of people. But the adoration and the anointing were not derived from the Roman Empire. The adoration by the patriarch of Constantinople was an act of homage to the Byzantine Emperor as the head of the administration and the religion, based upon the caesaropapism. Considering these three ceremonies, Charlemagne ascended the Roman Emperor, same as the counterpart in Constantinople. But Charlemagne was not same as the Byzantine Emperor. Because the pope change the order of the rite. In Byzantine tradition, the patriarch imposed the diadem on the Emperor’s head after the clamor of people. It means that the Emperor was elected by the people and was ratified by the crown. But in the coronation of Charlemagne, the pope crowned him first and then the people, attending the ceremony, clamored “Imperator et Augustus.” This change means that the people celebrated the Emperor after the choice of the god, which was expressed by the pope as God's representative on Earth. So Charlemagne was the Christian Emperor. Especially the anointing was a unique ceremony, only held in the West, not in the East(Byzantine Empire) until late ninth century. Charlemagne was not anointed in 800, because already anointed in 753. The anointing used to be a christian ceremony. It was particularly important among the kingdom of Germanic tribes, such as Visigoths and Franks, because they considered that the anointing gave the holiness to royal power. So Charlemagne was the King of Franks.