신여성의 새로운 직업: 미술공예운동시대의 여성 정원디자이너
New Woman and New Profession: Women Garden Designers in Arts and Crafts Movement
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This paper analyzed the process of reconstructing gender and labor concepts by looking at the process of introducing female garden designers as a new profession for women in late 19th century England. This was to see how industrialization and criticism of it and a change in gender roles expected for middle class women interconnect with the garden, The garden and horticultural sector was newly defined as a profession for women, especially those who were in the middle-to-upper class. That more people were interested in gardening was related to social and economic changes, such as the criticism on industrialization and the emergence of the middle class. Particularly, in the Second Industrial Revolution, from 1870 to 1914, the supply of railways, development of chemistry, and mass production were started as well as the colonial expansion in a way New Imperialism was pushed for. England, where the Industrial Revolution was started and which was the most developed industrial country at the time, enjoyed benefits of increased profits and also struggled with the negative impacts. The newly emerged middle class wanted to enjoy rural life away from the bustling cities or spend time appreciating nature. In addition, women’s rights became a social issue and women’s higher education and professions were more seriously discussed than at any other time. Also, the livelihoods of single women in the middle class were seriously talked over. It was not a coincidence that gardening emerged as an occupation for women in those days. In the background, there were the Arts and Crafts movement influenced by John Ruskin and William Morris and middle class households having their own gardens. In addition, there were continuous efforts of talented women in the middle class who wanted to switch from their talents to professions, and horticultural colleges established in the name of “scientific gardening” to overcome the agricultural depression. As a result, outstanding pioneer female garden designers including Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) appeared and Swanley Horticultural College was founded in 1889 to accept more and more female students. Thanks to the horticultural colleges, which were very rare practical and scientific higher education institutions for women, women were able to have an opportunity to get into gardens and horticultural sector where gardeners were trained by apprenticeship. However, women who finished the whole course still had to face gender discrimination in remuneration and treatment.(the End)
Abstract
This paper analyzed the process of reconstructing gender and labor concepts by looking at the process of introducing female garden designers as a new profession for women in late 19th century England. This was to see how industrialization and criticism of it and a change in gender roles expected for middle class women interconnect with the garden, The garden and horticultural sector was newly defined as a profession for women, especially those who were in the middle-to-upper class. That more people were interested in gardening was related to social and economic changes, such as the criticism on industrialization and the emergence of the middle class. Particularly, in the Second Industrial Revolution, from 1870 to 1914, the supply of railways, development of chemistry, and mass production were started as well as the colonial expansion in a way New Imperialism was pushed for. England, where the Industrial Revolution was started and which was the most developed industrial country at the time, enjoyed benefits of increased profits and also struggled with the negative impacts. The newly emerged middle class wanted to enjoy rural life away from the bustling cities or spend time appreciating nature. In addition, women’s rights became a social issue and women’s higher education and professions were more seriously discussed than at any other time. Also, the livelihoods of single women in the middle class were seriously talked over. It was not a coincidence that gardening emerged as an occupation for women in those days. In the background, there were the Arts and Crafts movement influenced by John Ruskin and William Morris and middle class households having their own gardens. In addition, there were continuous efforts of talented women in the middle class who wanted to switch from their talents to professions, and horticultural colleges established in the name of “scientific gardening” to overcome the agricultural depression. As a result, outstanding pioneer female garden designers including Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) appeared and Swanley Horticultural College was founded in 1889 to accept more and more female students. Thanks to the horticultural colleges, which were very rare practical and scientific higher education institutions for women, women were able to have an opportunity to get into gardens and horticultural sector where gardeners were trained by apprenticeship. However, women who finished the whole course still had to face gender discrimination in remuneration and treatment.(the End)
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