콜만 보고서로부터 형성된 학교효과 개념의 재고찰
Revisiting the Concept of School Effects from the Coleman report
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학교효과 연구에서 ‘학교효과’는 ‘학교의 차이에서 비롯되는 교육결과의 차이’라는 의미로 통용되고 있다. 학교 간 차이에서 비롯되는 상대적 효과라는 ‘학교효과’의 의미는 교육사회학에서 학교와 관련된 연구 문제를 설정하고 탐색하는 일종의 틀로 작동한다는 점에서 그 의미의 형성과정과 타당성에 대해 검토할 가치가 있다. ‘학교효과’가 교육결과에 대한 개별 학교의 상대적 효과의 의미로 사용되기 시작한 것은 ‘콜만 보고서(Coleman Report)’로 알려진 「교육기회의 평등(Equality of Educational Opportunity)」(Coleman et al., 1966)에서 부터이다. 이 보고서는 미국의 1964년 민권법에 따라 소수자의 교육 불평등 사례 조사를 위해 진행된 것으로, 오랫동안 유지되어 오던 인종분리교육이 교육기회 평등에 위배될 수 있음을 연구를 통해 드러내야 했다. 교육결과에 대한 개별 학교의 효과가 다른지 확인한 것은 이를 위한 것이었다. 인종에 따라 분리된 학교의 교육효과가 다르다면 교육기회의 평등에 위배된다고 볼 수 있었기 때문이다. 이에 따라 Coleman은 각각의 학교가 학생의 표준적 학업성취결과에 서로 다른 효과를 보이는지 확인하면서 이를 ‘학교효과’로 규정하였는데, 이것이 교육사회학에서 통용되는 ‘학교효과’ 의미의 출발점이 되었다. 이후 이 주제를 다루는 연구들은 기존 연구의 문제를 보완하려는 연구의 내적 논리 안에서 ‘학교효과’의 의미를 정착시켜 나갔다. 새로운 학교 특성에 대한 모색과 방법론적 진전은 학교 간 차이를 드러내는 특성을 확인하고 이를 제대로 분석하기 위한 작업으로 진행되었다. 그리고 이렇게 형성된 학교효과 연구의 전통에서 ‘학교효과’를 확인하는 일은 학교의 차이에 따른 교육결과의 차이를 확인하는 일로 전제되었다. 이후 1990년대 교육에 대한 시장원리의 도입으로 인한 학교선택제의 확대, 학교의 책무성에 대한 강조와 같은 정책 환경은 학교 간 차이에 따른 교육결과 차이에 대한 관심을 증가시키며, 학교의 상대적 효과로 제한된 ‘학교효과’의 의미를 강화시켰다. 이러한 역사․사회적 맥락과 연구의 내적 논리 안에서 ‘학교효과’는 개인의 성취에 대한 학교의 상대적 효과에 국한된 의미로 정착되었다. 이러한 의미의 한계는 학교의 절대적 효과에 대한 관심을 포괄하지 못하고, 오히려 배제할 소지가 있다는 점에서 그 한계가 논의될 필요가 있다.
Abstract
The current conceptualization of “school effects” heavily relies on the relative effects of between-school on educational outcomes. Given the importance of ‘school effects’ literature in the field of education, it is important to understand how this concept has evolved throughout the empirical studies. To this end, this study explored the process of its conceptualization and validity, to refine the existing theory of school effects. The term “school effects” was originally adopted to estimate the relative effects of between-schools on educational outcomes in the “Equality of Educational Opportunity”(Coleman et al., 1966), known as the “Coleman Report”. This study was conducted to investigate the educational inequality of social minorities under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the United States. Given the main purpose of its research, which was to reveal the association between racial segregation and educational inequality, Coleman examined whether there are differences in the effects of educational outcomes between schools. As a result, Coleman estimated whether each school had varying effects on students’ academic achievement, and conceptualized relative between-school effectiveness as “school effects”. Subsequent studies that re-examined the “Coleman Report” employed this conceptualization, without much theoretical discussion, and the relative school effects on educational outcomes were largely employed in further empirical analyses. This study discusses that the current conceptualization of “school effects” was constructed in the historical and policy context of the United States rather than the result of academic property. Thus, this study suggests that the relative effects of between-school is limited to shed light on the absolute effects of schools, and thus needs to extend the current conceptualization of school effects in future studies.
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