18世纪东亚儒教思想的发展

Abstract

This paper seeks to map out terrain of 18th century East Asian Confucian thought and thereby examine its universality and peculiarity. In 18th century East Asian societies, politics stabilized, economy flourished, and marginal class emerged with presence of strong kingship. Correspondingly, new Confucian thoughts emerged particularly in China, Korea and Japan, because situations and social missions Confucian scholars in three countries faced were different. In China, While Wang Fuzhi and Fang Zhongxi established novel system of practical thoughts in early 17th century, intellectuals lose their leadership and remained passive with repression of Qing dynasty. In spite of this, Daizhen presented new vision of qi philosophy that affirms human desire. In Korea, Joseon dynasty implemented policy of impartiality with authority of kingship. Leading group of Confucian literati, belonging to Ho school, criticized kingship while other group, belonging to Nak school supported impartiality policy. In Japan, while likes of Ogyu Sorai planned governmental policy and were counseled by shogun, Samurai class seize the hegemony of the society. Influence of intelligentsia is not great. Confucian literati relatively free from orthodoxy and created variety of philosophical discourses. Ogyu Sorai sought to make confucianism politics, iida baigan established philosophy of zonin in which confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism were intermingled, and Motoori Norinaga insisted national learning. Confucian thoughts exhibit variety of terrains according to their peculiar situation and social role of intellectuals.