17-18세기 중국 유교지식인의 氣哲學 연구

Abstract

This paper examines what Liu Zong-zhou(劉宗周), Huang zong-xi(黃宗羲), Wang Fu-zhi(王夫之), and Dai Zhen(戴震) have in common in terms of Qi philosophy. As contemporary Confucian intellectuals, they had major influence on the school of thought during the Ming and Qing dynasty from xinxue(心學), lixue(理學), qixue(氣學), and historical perspectives. Preliminary studies on Confucianism from the Qing dynasty was merely documental archeology that involved interpretation and explanation about the phrases rather than fundamental study of the bible due to authoritarian control on thoughts. This paper examines philosophical reason other than a political one. Modern chinese Qi philosophy started from criticism of xinxue of the Ming dynasty and lixue of the song period. Especially, academic self-reflection during the end of Ming and beginning of Qing dynasty overcame the limitation of lixue and xinxue centered on Confucian methods of cultivation for the Heart-Mind with a goal of “inner sage(內聖)” and finally tried to reform the measures focusing on the problem of “outer sovereign(外王)”. In this respect, contemporary Confucian intellectuals had may reasons to criticize Tao-Buddhism which concentrated only on “outer sovereign(外王)”. Therefore, it was Qi philosophy that received great attention in academics during the Qing dynasty. How did Qi philosophy come about and how can we characterize each stage of the development. This paper examines the philosophical background behind the thought’s inception and development. The paper also explains philosophical origin and background of the Qing academics and reviews characteristics and internal relation of Qi philosophy of the Ming and Qing dynasty.