論王廷相對張載“太虛即氣”的承繼與轉型
Wang Tingxiang’s Inheritance and Development of Zhang Zai’s “The Great Void Being the Same as Material Force”
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“太虛即氣”是張載思想體系中的核心命題,該命題一方面承繼自漢代以來所流行的氣化宇宙圖式,另一方面由於受到佛學的影響,使中國的氣論思想得到更進一步的提升,從宇宙生成的實然層面躍至對形上本體的討論,這種思想的昇華與轉變開啟了宋明理學後續的發展,並爲其發展立下重要的里程碑｡王廷相作爲明代後期的哲學家,對於張載之說持有高度肯定,如以下提到：“橫渠此論闡造化之密,明人性之源,開示後學之功大矣｡” 王廷相,《王氏家藏集》卷三十三,〈橫渠理氣辨〉,頁602｡ 由於同爲主張氣一元論者,因此許多後世學者將王廷相視爲張載與王船山之間的中流砥柱,但是否因此能說二者的思想全然相通?抑或僅是部分相似?本文以“太虛即氣”爲題,即在於探討二者的思想聯繫,爲了說明這一點,必須部份結合朱熹理氣之說的看法,以便於進行比較,在研究進路上,本文將會分成以下三個部分進行說明：(一)張載的“太虛即氣”——宇宙論與本體論之雙重並建;(二)王廷相對張載“太虛即氣”之說的詮解;(三)參考前輩學者們的研究成果與檢視方法,說明王廷相與張載學說形態的同異之處｡
Abstract
“The great void being the same as material force” is an important proposition in Zhang Zai’s ideological system. This proposition is not only associated with the cosmos theory of qi in the Han dynasty, but also influenced by the ontology of Buddhism. This proposition encouraged the development of Neo-Confucianism toward a metaphysical framework. As one of the key philosophers in the mid-Ming dynasty, Wang Tingxiang deemed highly of Zhang Zai’s contribution to the development of Neo-Confucianism; he claimed that Zhang Zai had a great contribution to later generations by revealing the secrets of nature and probing the mystery of life. Zhang Zai and Wang Tingxiang both agreed that qi or material force is the cause of the universe. For this reason, most scholars believe that Wang Tingxiang is a successor of Zhang Zai; however, beyond this superficial similarity, we need to carefully analyze their difference and resemblance. This paper aims to explore the thought of Zhang Zai and Wang Tingxiang, focusing on their interpretation of “the great void being the same as material force.”
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