신라 초기의 國邑과 6村

Abstract

This study analyzes a possibility that the early Silla(斯盧國)'s Guk-eup(國邑, prime town of a polity) had a dual structure comprised of Goheo-chon(高墟村 or Saryang-Bu; 沙梁部) and Yangsan-chon(楊山村 or Gŭpryang-Bu; 及梁部) before the fourth century. From Hyukgeose(赫居世), the founder of Silla, to Talhae(脫解) Isagŭm, the palace, Kŭmseong(金城) was conceivably located in Goheo-chon. This fact indicates that Goheo-chon was the center of political affairs among the six villages, of which Silla consisted. When Wǒlseong(月城) was built and used as a palace from the 22nd year of Pasa(婆娑) Isageum(A.D. 101), the center of Guk-eup was moved to Yangsan-chon, where the new palace was located. Yet the Goheo-chon's significance in the political affairs was not faded away, as it carried on its role as a ritual site. Thus it is supposed that the village was being included in the boundary the capital, since a progenitor's tomb and Na-jung(Na Well; 蘿井) was located in Goheo-chon, sites which had a strong connection to the founder of Silla. Additionally, there were ritual sites for Alyoung(閼英), the queen consort of Hyukgeose in the village. When Jungsadang(政事堂) was established in the fifth year of Ilsung(逸聖) Isagŭm(138), the Goheo-chon momentarily resumed its role of the political center until the reign of Adalla(阿達羅) Isagŭm. Still, Bulhyu(伐休) Isagŭm rebuilt the palace of Wǒlseong in the 13th year of his reign(196) and the center of Guk-eup returned to Yangsan-chon again. Hence, the bounds of Guk-eup embraced the two villages, while the center was shuttling between Kŭmseong and Wǒlseong. In the third year of Cheomhae(沾解) Isagŭm(249), Yangsan-chon fortified its role of the political center after establishing Namdang(南堂) on the southern region of Wǒlseong. Meanwhile, Goheo-chon, where once the progenitor's tomb, Na-jung, and Alyoung-jung assembled, could not perform the function of the political center anymore. Still, the village maintained its role as a center of ritual ceremony. This kind of phenomenon, a coexistence of a political center with a ritual center, is a universal structure for ancient cities. The characteristic that Guk-eup consists of two Bu(部), namely Saryang-Bu and Gŭbryang-Bu was a foundation for the structure that six Bu constitutes Silla's capital city(王都) after the fourth century. Unlike the capital cities of Koguryǒ and Paekch'e consisted of five Bu, Silla's included six of them. It is because, in addtion to the original two Bu, four more villages from four directions joined in the structure of Guk-eup like other countries, which originated the capital city with six Bu. The development from Guk-eup with two Bu to the capital city with six Bu was presumably the result at the early fourth century, considering the record that the name Silla(新羅) came from meaning "including all four sides(Manglasabang; 網羅四方)" in Samguk yusa. According to the Chronicles of Silla in Samguk sagi, there were overlapping records about the time when the name of the dynasty was officially decided. The first is the tenth year(307) of Girim(基臨) Isagŭm, and then the name was again proclaimed in the fourth year(503) of King Jijeung(智證). These repeated proclamations were, arguably, that the former implied the formation of the six Bu, while the latter meant reorganization of the local country into castles(城) and villages(村).