1761년 조선 사신단의 청 문묘제도(文廟制度) 이해

Abstract

This paper reviewed the way the Joseon envoys who visited Beijing in 1761 understood the Qing Dynasty’s Munmyo system. On January 8, 1761, the Joseon envoys, representing Hong Gye-hee(洪啓禧), visited Taihak(太學) in Beijing. The way the Joseon envoys understood the Munmyo system emphasized the systems of the Zhou and Ming dynasties and criticized the system of the Qing Dynasty. Hong Gye-hee understood the stone drums(石鼓) remaining in Taihak as the culture of the Zhou Dynasty and considered them very precious. In addition, he praised the Ming Dynasty for strengthening the defense by overhauling defense facilities, and criticized the Qing Dynasty for not fully repairing even the walls built by the Ming Dynasty. He also criticized the exclusion of the plaque of Shinjong, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, from the Royal Ancestral Temple of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Joseon was honoring the meritorious deeds of Shinjong, who saved Joseon during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. Hong Gye-hee strongly criticized the neglect of the courtesy of the six Confucian scholars of the Song Dynasty(Ju-doni, Jeong-ho, Jeong-i, So-ong, Jang-jae, and Ju-hee) at the Munmyo Shrine of the Qing Dynasty. In Joseon, the six Confucian scholars’ plaques were raised to the Daeseongjeon Hall for rituals, but in the Qing Dynasty, only Ju-hee’s was raised to the Daeseongjeon Hall, and the other five scholars’ plaques were still placed in Dongmu(東廡) and Seomu(西廡). At that time, scholars in Joseon regarded Songhak(宋學) as an orthodox study, and scholars in the Qing Dynasty emphasized Hanhak(漢學) along with Songhak. Joseon’s Munmyo system followed the systems of the Song and Yuan dynasties and did not accept any changes in the system during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Joseon envoys who visited Beijing in 1761 criticized the Qing Dynasty’s Munmyo system based on the Joseon Dynasty’s Munmyo system. Joseon and Qing had a common point as Confucian countries that served Confucius(孔子) as the best teacher, but two countries operated Munmyo system in a way that emphasized their characteristics.