全面에 불상이 봉안된 불감형 불탑의 기원 고찰 ‒ 투루판과 간다라 지역의 불탑을 중심으로 ‒

Abstract

Among the stupas in the ancient cities of Gaochang and Jiaohe in Turpan, a special type of stupa that does not appear at all in the brick stupas of the Tang era in the Yellow River Basin exists. It is a special type of earth turret that enshrines many Buddhist statues by creating numerous Buddhist altars on the four sides of the square stupa. In particular, the stupa of Dafosi in the ancient city of Gaochang attracts attention because it contains traces of a tabernacle on the front of the stupa, enshrining one large Buddhist statue, and large and small tabernacles on the other three sides enshrining small Buddhist statues. In order to study the stylistic origins of the stupas enshrined with Buddhist statues on all sides of the stupa, stupas in Dafosi in the ancient cities of Gaochang and Jiaohe and stupas built with similar style in nearby areas were examined in Chapter II, remains of the Jaulian Temple and stupas with similar style that are distributed in the surrounding area among the stupas in the Gandhara region were investigated in Chapter III. Through this, the style of combining the separately produced Buddha statues with the stupa was understood to have originated from Gandara. Creating a new style of stupa like this was seen as an attempt to express the notion that the stupa and the Buddhist statues were the same in terms of faith and symbol, rather than objects that were in a disengaged relationship. In Chapter IV, the characteristics of the stupa in which Buddhist statues were placed on four sides of the stupa were revealed through comparison between the stupas of Turpan and Gandhara. The natural environment of Turpan and Gandhara was designated as the background of the stupa construction technique shared by both sides. For the background of the style in which the four sides of the stupa are impressed with numerous Buddhist statues, faith of one thousand Buddhas was pointed out. In addition to these commonalities, the differences were pointed out to be the large tabernacle expressed in front of the stupa and the existence of a large Buddhist statue that would have been enshrined in it. The reason is due to the fact that a case of enshrining a large Buddhist statue in the front of the pagoda like that of the pagoda of Dafosi in the ancient city of Gaochang has not been identified in the stupas in the Gandhara region, and such examples can be confirmed in the stupas in Cave 19 and Cave 26 of the Ajanta stone caves. Therefore, it was judged that this style began at the Ajanta Stone Cave and passed down through the Mor ruins of Kashi and the Kizil Stone Cave murals of Kucha, and was revived in the district around the ancient city of Jiaohe, beginning with the stupa of Dafosi in the ancient city of Gaochang