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개혁기 중국 사회에서의 국가-사영기업가 관계에 관한 연구

A Study on the State-Private Entrepreneur Relationship in Chinese Society during the Reform Era

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본 연구는 개혁기 중국의 국가-사영기업가 관계에 영향을 주는 다양한 요소들을 검토한다. 먼저, 국가의 경제성장과 국민의 물질적 삶의 개선은 일당지배체제에 대한 국민의 지지를 높이고, 공산당의 지배정당성을 강화하는 역할을 한다. 이는 국가-사영기업가의 상호작용에 직접적인 영향을 주지 않으나, 국가-사영기업가 관계를 형성하는 중요한 배경적 요소가 된다. 두 번째로, 중앙정부 차원에서의 사영분야 및 사영기업가 정책 또한 국가-사영기업가 관계에 영향을 준다. 개혁개방 이후 중국 공산당은 사영분야의 발전과 사영기업가들을 체제 내로 포섭하기 위한 다양한 정책을 제시하였다. 세 번째로, 중앙-지방 관계 역시 국가-사영기업가 관계에 영향을 미친다. 분권화 이후 지방정부는 지방정부의 역량 강화는 지방관료-사영기업가 간의 상호 의존을 증대시키는 중요한 요인이 되었다. 네번째로, 지방정부-사영기업가 간의 상호작용이다. 개혁기 지방정부는 지역 경제 성장을 위해서, 사영기업가들은 기업 운영에 필요한 다양한 자원을 확보하기 위해 상호간 긴밀한 관계 형성을 희망하였다. 마지막으로, 사영기업가들의 중앙정부를 대하는 성향이 중요 요소로 작용한다. 사영기업가는 국가의 사회에 대한 우위에 도전하지 않는 선에서 자신의 이익을 추구한다. 이는 중국의 오랜 역사적 관습적 특징 때문이기도 하며, 사영기업가 집단 내부의 분절성과 다양성에 기인하는 특징이기도 하다. 이처럼, 오늘날 중국의 국가-사영기업가 관계는 국가 전략적 요인, 사회 문화적 요인, 중앙-지방관계적 요인 등 다양한 요인들의 복잡한 상호작용 속에서 형성되고 있다.

Abstract

There are various factors that can affect the dynamics of the state-private entrepreneur relationship in contemporary China. Firstly, the continued economic growth and improvements in the material life of the public increase society’s general support for the Communist Party. Secondly, the central government’s policies to develop the private sector and to incorporate private entrepreneurs influence the dynamics between the state and private entrepreneurs. Thirdly, the central-local relations also affects the state-private entrepreneur relationship. The fourth factor is the interaction between local governments and private entrepreneurs. Finally, the private entrepreneurs’ attitude toward the central government plays an important role. In other words, the state-private entrepreneur relationship is formed by a complex interaction of various factors, such as national strategic factors, historical sociocultural factors and central-local relations.

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