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시진핑 시기 중국 당국의 홍콩 정책 연구 - 범죄자 송환법안 반대 시위 대응 사례를 중심으로 –

China’s Hong Kong Policy during the Xi Jinping Era - With a Focus on the Central Authority’s Response to the Anti-Extradition Bill Protest -

윤태희
중국연구센터 (China Research Center)|2021.01|중국과 중국학 (China and Sinology)|제42권 |pp. 87-118|DOI 10.17935/Chinan.2021.42..87

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참고문헌

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중국China홍콩Hong Kong시진핑Xi Jinping중국 공산당Chinese Communist Party일국양제One Country Two Systems

초록

최근 홍콩 사회가 경험한 중국 여행객과 홍콩 시민 간의 갈등 심화, 홍콩의 빈부격차 심화와 사회적 불만 증가, 홍콩의 사회 문화적 정체성 이탈, 급진적인 시민운동 단체의 등장 등 다양한 변화에 대하여 시진핑 시기 중국 당국은 홍콩에 대해 중앙의 전면적 관할권 강조, 국가안전 도전에 대한 단호한 입장, 지역경제 통합을 통한 홍콩의 경제성장 등의 정책을 제시하였다. 이러한 맥락에서 2019년 홍콩 시민들에 의한 <범죄자 송환법안> 반대 시위에 대해서도 중앙 당국의 홍콩에 대한 대응은 큰 틀에서 기존의 입장을 벗어나지 않는 일관성을 가지고 있는 것으로 보인다. 첫째, 홍콩에 대한 전면적 관할권의 강조이다. 시진핑 시기 중국 공산당은 중앙의 홍콩에 대한 우위와 홍콩이 국가와 분리될수 없는 일부임을 강조하였다. 둘째, 국가안전과 주권수호에 대한 단호한 입장이다. 중국 공산당은 외부 세력의 홍콩문제 개입차단, 국가안전 보호 법안의 수립 등의 강경한 태도를 보여주었는데, 이는 2019년 <범죄자 송환법안> 반대 시위가 중국 당국의 입장에서 보았을 때, 마지노선을 넘어서는 행위로 인식되었기 때문으로 보인다. 셋째, 지역경제의 통합을 통한 홍콩의 경제성장 추진이다. 시진핑 정부는 장기적 관점에서 웨강아오 대만구의 건설을 통해 홍콩의 경제성장을 추동, 사회안정과 번영을 이루고자 하였다. 이러한 정책을 통해 중앙 당국은 단기적으로 홍콩에 대하여 우위를 점할 수 있게 되었으나, 홍콩 시민의 일국양제와 중앙정부에 대한 의구심 해소 및 중국에 대한 낮은 소속감의 문제, 홍콩 시민의 경제 통합에 대한 반감 등의 해결과제가 향후 변수로 작용할 수 있다.

Abstract

Recently, Hong Kong society experienced various issues such as conflicts between Chinese tourists and Hong Kong citizens, widening gap between the rich and the poor, increasing social discontent, the disintegration of identity, and the emergence of radical civic groups. To deal with these issues, the Chinese Communist Party(CCP) in the Xi Jinping era emphasized its overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong territory, firm attitude to protect national security, and economic development of Hong Kong through regional integration. In this context, the response of the CCP to the 2019 Anti-Extradition Bill Protest revealed a similar attitude. First of all, the CCP emphasized its overall jurisdiction over Hong Kong and claimed that Hong Kong is an inseparable part of China. Secondly, the CCP established laws to enhance national security, and it endeavored to prevent the intervention of external forces in Hong Kong affairs. Finally, the CCP attempted to encourage economic growth and achieve stability through the Greater Bay Area plan. As a result, the central authority was able to maintain its dominant position over Hong Kong. However, there remain challenges such as the Hong Kong citizens’ doubt on the One Country Two System, distrust of the central government, lack of belonging to mainland China, and their antipathy for economic integration.

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