윤리적 관료는 인격이 될 수 없는가?: 막스 베버의 관료 윤리의 내재적 모순과 재해석
Can't an Ethical Bureaucrat be Personality?: Intrinsic Contradictions and Reinterpretation of Max Weber's Bureaucratic Ethics
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베버에게 관료는 역설적 상황에 놓인 존재이다. 관료가 비인격적, 비정서적으로 업무를 처리하는 것은 자본주의와 민주주의가 가능하기 위한 조건이 된다. 그러나 관료제와 관 료적 자아의 사회적 확산은 사회를 화석화시키게 되면서 인간의 자유를 극도로 위축시 키게 된다. 관료는 이 과정에서 자신이 선택한 궁극적 가치에 헌신하면서 비로소 가능 한 인격이 될 수 없는, 다른 말로 칸트가 말하는 가치에 대한 자율적 판단에 따라 행동 하는 도덕적 주체가 될 수 없는 존재로 전락하는 것이다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 관료윤 리에 대한 기술이 과연 베버가 진정으로 의도한 것일까, 어떠한 이유로 베버는 이와 같 이 비인격적 존재로 관료를 보는 것일까, 관료 윤리에 대한 베버의 주장에는 그의 이론 전체의 관점에서 볼 때 논리적 모순은 없는 것일까, 마지막으로 베버의 관료 윤리를 재 구성하는 것이 가능할까라는 질문에 대한 답을 찾는 과정에서 나온 것이다. 논문에서는 베버의 종교사회학, 방법론, 비교역사학, 그리고 다양한 주제의 논문들을 참고로 하여 우리가 알고 있는 베버의 관료 윤리에 대한 주장은 일면적인 것임을 주장할 것이다. 또 한 베버가 관료 윤리를 극도로 제한적인 관점에서 말하는 있는 데는 그가 살았던 국가 와 시대의 특수한 사정이 존재했음도 밝힐 것이다.
Abstract
Following Max Weber's argument about government officials, we cannot help receiving the impression that they are in a paradoxical situation, particularly when they are determined to act ethically. One the one hand, the ideal type of Weber's bureaucracy demands officials to maintain the posture of impartiality, neutrality, and impersonality (sine ira et studio) if they want to act ethically. This demand, on the other hand, contradicts Weber's general theory of ethical personality, which insists on the personal decision to take ultimate aims or values and lead his/her life consistently according to those value and aims as an indispensible element for becoming an ethical subject. Owing to such an anomaly, government officials can be regarded as both ethical and unethical, depending on which Weber's ethical theories one decides to take. In this research, I attempt to trace the reasons why there is such a discrepancy of ethics required of government officials and individual subjects. Largely on the basis of deconstructive reading of Weber's major works, it will be revealed that Weber may have known the contradictory nature of ethical predicaments of government officials. Unfortunately, however, we have more of dispersed and fragmentary notes concerning a conclusive theory of bureaucratic ethics. Assuming that any text is not a closed system, but open to the innovative reinterpretation in the future, Weber's ethical writings provide current researchers with an opportunity to generate more persuasive and meaningful interpretations regarding bureaucratic ethics.
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