전지구적 가구화(global householding)의 관점에서 본 한국, 일본, 대만의 이주와 사회 변화에 관하여
A Global Householding Perspective on Migration and Social Change in Korea, Japan and Taiwan
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한국과 대만, 그리고 일본에서 가구를 형성하고 유지하는 일이 위기에 봉착했다. 최근 이혼율뿐만 아니라 결혼이 늦어지거나 아예 결혼하지 하지 않는 인구의 비율이 증가하고 있다. 출생률 역시 인구 대체율을 밑돌고 있다. 세대 간 연속성과 어린이와 노인을 돌보는 것 역시 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 사회 도처에 걱정의 목소리가 높아지고 있으며 노동력과 국가 인구의 절대적 감소, 인구의 신속한 고령화 및 국가의 사회 복지 체제에 대한 의존도가 높아지고 있어 사회 복지 체제 자체를 위협한다. 이러한 국가적 불행에 대응하기 위해 가구는 전지구적(global) 방향으로 나아가고 있다. 배우자도 해외에서 찾아야 할 정도다. 자녀들은 어머니와 함께 교육을 위해 해외로 나가고 있으며, 아버지는 뒤에 남아 자녀와 어머니의 생활비를 조달하고 있다. 수십 만 명의 외국인 가사 도우미들과 아이 및 노인을 돌봐줄 사람들도 가구 재생산을 위해 외국에서 근로자를 찾아야 할 정도이다. 자손으로부터 지원을 기대할 수 없는 노인들은 한정된 수입으로 살아갈 방법으로 해외 은퇴 이주를 결심하고 있다. 이 세 사회 안에서는 전지구적 가구화의 다양한 양상들이 뚜렷하게 전개되고 있으며 세계화 시대에 지역적 맥락이 안고 있는 문제들을 드러낸다. 그러나 이에 대처하는 반응들은 매우 유사하다. 전지구적 가구화의 모든 요소들은 근본적으로 동아시아의 역사에서 새로운 계기를 나타내는 것으로, 이 세계 속에서 그간 민족 국가 개념과 연결되어 있던 국적과 사회적 동질성이라는 개념들에 이의를 제기한다. 또한 이러한 요소들은 지역 가구의 사회 재생산 능력의 저하 속에 나타난 현재의 인구학적 변화가 초래한 사회적 위기를 개선할 수 있는 기회를 마련해 준다.
Abstract
Forming Household and sustaining them are in crisis in Korea, Taiwan and Japan. Rates of late or no marriage as well as divorce are going up; birth rates have plummeted to below replacement. Intergenerational continuity and care of both young and elderly are seriously compromised. Repercussions on society are worrisome and take the form of absolute decline in labor force and national populations, rapid ageing of the population and increasing dependency ratios that threaten national social welfare systems. As a response to these national calamities, householding is going global. Spouses are being searched for abroad. Children, with their mothers, are sent overseas for education, leaving fathers behind to work to finance them. Hundreds of thousands of foreign domestic helpers and caretakers of children and the elderly are being recruited for daily reproduction of households. In the absence of support from their progeny, seniors are retiring abroad as a way of subsisting on fixed incomes. Variations in global householding are pronounced among the three societies, revealing how local contexts matter in a global age. Yet the similarities in responses are even greater. Together all of the elements of global householding present a fundamentally new moment in East Asia history that challenges ideas of citizenship and social homogeneity that have long been associated with the nation-state in this world region. They also potentially offer amelioration to social crises emanating from the current demographic transition embedded in declining capacities of local households in social reproduction.
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