Research on the relationship between environmental regulation, technological innovation and employment: focused on China
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between formal environmental regulation (FER) and informal environmental regulation (IER), technological innovation and employment. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses data from the 30 provinces of China during 2003–2015. The impacts of formal and IER and technological innovation on employment are estimated by generalized least squares, and the eastern region of China is analyzed separately. Findings – First, both formal and IERs have different degrees of significant impact on employment, and the relationship is not a simple linear. FER has an inverted U-shaped relationshipwith employment, but IER has a Ushaped relationship. However, in the test including technological innovation, the results of the national sample and the eastern sample are different. In the eastern sample, the relationship between informal regulation and employment has an inverted U-shaped curve. Second, the results of model 3 andmodel 6 show that technological innovation has a significant negative effect on employment both in the national and the eastern region sample. Research limitations/implications – This paper puts forward corresponding policy implications: first, in designing environmental regulations, it is necessary to consider not only the stringency but also the type of regulation. Second, environmental regulations need to be differentiated by region. Finally, when designing environmental regulations, it is necessary to consider more flexible employment policies that are contingent on the stringency of regulations, in order to prevent employment decline due to technological innovations. Originality/value – The conclusions about the influence of environmental regulation on employment reached are not consistent in China. Most existing research studies seldom consider environmental regulations into categories and focus only on the whole environmental regulation. This paper pays attention to the influences of different types of environmental regulations on employment. It analyzes the eastern region separately to explore whether there is a difference in the effects of environmental regulations. Furthermore, this considers the effect of technological innovation as a mediator.
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between formal environmental regulation (FER) and informal environmental regulation (IER), technological innovation and employment. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses data from the 30 provinces of China during 2003–2015. The impacts of formal and IER and technological innovation on employment are estimated by generalized least squares, and the eastern region of China is analyzed separately. Findings – First, both formal and IERs have different degrees of significant impact on employment, and the relationship is not a simple linear. FER has an inverted U-shaped relationshipwith employment, but IER has a Ushaped relationship. However, in the test including technological innovation, the results of the national sample and the eastern sample are different. In the eastern sample, the relationship between informal regulation and employment has an inverted U-shaped curve. Second, the results of model 3 andmodel 6 show that technological innovation has a significant negative effect on employment both in the national and the eastern region sample. Research limitations/implications – This paper puts forward corresponding policy implications: first, in designing environmental regulations, it is necessary to consider not only the stringency but also the type of regulation. Second, environmental regulations need to be differentiated by region. Finally, when designing environmental regulations, it is necessary to consider more flexible employment policies that are contingent on the stringency of regulations, in order to prevent employment decline due to technological innovations. Originality/value – The conclusions about the influence of environmental regulation on employment reached are not consistent in China. Most existing research studies seldom consider environmental regulations into categories and focus only on the whole environmental regulation. This paper pays attention to the influences of different types of environmental regulations on employment. It analyzes the eastern region separately to explore whether there is a difference in the effects of environmental regulations. Furthermore, this considers the effect of technological innovation as a mediator.
참고문헌 (33)
- Baron, R. M., "The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations", Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), pp.1173~1182 (1986)
- Becker, S. O., "Location choice and employment decisions : a comparison of German and Swedish multinationals", Review of World Economics, 141(4), pp.693~731 (2005)
- Bezdek, R. H., "Environmental protection, the economy, and jobs : national and regional analyses", Journal of Environmental Management, 86(1), pp.63~79 (2008)
- Bovenberg, A. L., "Environmental tax reform and endogenous growth", Journal of Public Economics, 63(2), pp.207~237 (1997)
- Br€annlund, R., "The income–pollution relationship and the role of income distribution : an analysis of Swedish household data", Resource and Energy Economics, 30(3), pp.369~387 (2008)
- Brunnermeier, S. B., "Determinants of environmental innovation in US manufacturing industries", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45(2), pp.278~293 (2003)
- Callan, S. J., "Environmental Economics and Management: Theory, Policy, and Applications" (2009), Thomson South-Western
- Chen, Q., "Family control, regulatory environment, and the growth of entrepreneurial firms : international evidence", Corporate Governance : An International Review, 22(2), pp.132~144 (2014)
- Cui, L. Z., "A study on the spatial effect of environmental regulation on employment", Journal of Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, 4(2), pp.15~25 (2018)
- Embodied technical progress and unemployment, "Del Rio, F.", Universite catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales, ~ (2001)
- Duhautois, R., "More and better jobs, but not for everyone : effects of innovation in French firms", ILR Review, 75(1), pp.90~116 (2022)
- Goodstein, E., "Jobs and the environment : an overview", Environmental Management, 20(3), pp.313~321 (1996)
- Greenstone, M., "Estimating regulation-induced substitution : the effect of the Clean Air Act on water and ground pollution", American Economic Review, 93(2), pp.442~448 (2003)
- Guo, Y., "The effect of industrial agglomeration on green development efficiency in Northeast China since the revitalization", Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, pp.1~13 (2020)
- Henderson, J. V., "Effects of air quality regulation", The American Economic Review, 86(4), pp.789~813 (1996)
- Iraldo, F., "A literature review on the links between environmental regulation and competitiveness", Environmental Policy and Governance, 21, pp.210~222 (2011)
- Jaffe, A. B., "Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of US manufacturing : what does the evidence tell us?", Journal of Economic Literature, 33(1), pp.132~163 (1995)
- Krysiak, F. C., "Environmental regulation, technological diversity, and the dynamics of technological change", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 35(4), pp.528~544 (2011)
- Lanoie, P., "Environmental policy, innovation and performance : new insights on the Porter hypothesis", Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 20(3), pp.803~842 (2011)
- Li, S. S., "The impact of environmental regulation on the employment of heterogeneous laboranalysis based on provincial dynamic panel data", China Population, Resources and Environment, 25(8), pp.135~143 (2015)
- Li, M. J., "Is the dual dividend of environmental regulation and employment applicable to China at the present stage?-Empirical analysis based on inter-provincial panel data", Economic Science, (4), pp.14~26 (2014)
- Lou, C. L., "Environmental Regulation, Technical Innovation and Employment", pp.2016
- Mao, R., "Export, FDI and Employment in Manufacturing Industries of China", Economic Research Journal, 11, pp.105~117 (2009)
- McEvoy, D., "The employment implications of a low-carbon economy", Sustainable Development, 8(1), pp.27~38 (2000)
- Morgenstern, R. D., "Jobs versus the environment : an industry-level perspective", Journal of environmental economics and management, 43(3), pp.412~436 (2002)
- Pargal, S., "Informal regulation of industrial pollution in developing countries : evidence from Indonesia", Journal of Political Economy, 104(6), pp.1314~1327 (1996)
- Porter, M. E., "Toward a new conception of the environmentcompetitiveness relationship", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), pp.97~118 (1995)
- Shen, H. L., "Whether informal environmental regulation can promote industrial enterprise R&D-Analysis based on threshold model", Science and Technology Progress and Policy, 37(2), pp.106~114 (2020)
- Walker, W. R., "Environmental regulation and labor reallocation : evidence from the clean air AC", American Economic Review, 101(3), pp.442~447 (2011)
- Wang, X., "Non-linear effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations on green growth in G20 countries : evidence from panel threshold regression", Science of the Total Environment, 660, pp.1346~1354 (2019)
- Wang, Z., "The effect of environmental regulation on external trade : empirical evidences from Chinese economy", Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, pp.55~61 (2016)
- Xu, M., "Dual environmental regulation, industrial structure and total factor productivity-an empirical analysis based on system GMM and threshold model", Journal of Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, 1, pp.8~17 (2017)
- Zhong, S., "Environmental regulation benefits for whom? Heterogeneous effects of the intensity of the environmental regulation on employment in China", Journal of Environmental Management, 281, pp.111877~ (2021)