上博楚簡 『武王踐阼』에 대한 사상사적 고찰

Abstract

This paper studies the changing aspects of political notions of the Confucian schools from the Warring States period to the Han dynasty through the political ideas of the Wuwang Jianzuo(武王踐阼) in the Shanghai Museum Chu bamboo manuscripts. The Wuwang Jianzuo, as a guide for desirable politics, mentions the dao(道) of Huangdi(黃帝), Zuanxu (顓頊), Yao(堯), and Shun(舜). It reflects its times that Hunagdi, Yao, and Shun were settled as five emperors(wudi 五帝), as referred to in the “Xicizhuan(繫辭傳)” and the “Yueji(樂記)”; accordingly, the text might be completed at the end of the Warring States period. In addition, the Wuwang Jianzuo discusses virtues such as righteousness(yi 義), laziness(tai 怠), desire(yu 欲), veneration(jing 敬), benevolence(ren 仁), and non-benevolence(buren 不仁); however, these notions have different meanings from the general ideas of Confucianism. Namely, the phrase staring with “敬勝怠~” or “義勝欲~” appeared in the danshu(丹書) is considered as a maxim of the Military school(兵家), quoted when treating military tasks. Moreover, the art of living of the Daoist school(道家) is found in the words on the object made by Wuwang(武王) in order to caution himself. In the Wuwang Jianzuo, although regarded as the Confucian text, it is not appeared the kingship politics(王道政治) or the ritual politics(禮治). It mainly focuses on the existence of the country. This evidence shows that a major concern of the Confucian school, from the end of the Warring States period to, had transitioned from emphasis on inner virtues such as benevolence(ren 仁) and propriety(li 禮) to interest in outer forms including maintenance of the country. Political ideas of the Confucian school at this period had transformed from pursuing an ideal to approaching reality. In this process, insufficient ideas of the Confucian school were supplemented by opinions of different schools. From this, it can be easily understood that this kind of changes played a pivotal role in establishing Confucianism as the state religion in the Han dynasty.