전근대 일본에 있어서 아카이브즈(기록 사료)와 관리

Abstract

The family became responsible for accumulating information of the past, which was not only preservation of original documents. For example, working knowledge, like that of ceremonies, was handed down to posterity by the people in charge through their keeping diaries from generation to generation. The families that hereditarily produced such officers and diaries are called 'diary families', and their diaries were important records for the maintenance of the governing structure of the state. I suppose there were a couple of patterns of management of information and documents: (1) case of bureaucratic management(Bakufu Kanjosho, the Finance Office, that was responsible for finance and administration of bakufu domains); (2) case of mainly bureaucratic management, bur supplemented by families(the office of the Edo city magistrate that was responsible for police, justice and administration of the capital); (3) case of families' playing a role of the management(Bakufu Jisha Bugyo, the magistrate of temples and shrines, who was responsible for controlling temples and shrines in the whole country). Rationalization of the management of information and documents was pursued by each office and bureau during the course of the two major political reforms in the 1730's and the 1790's. The principle was to intervene in the hitherto appropriation of information by the families concerning their offices in charge in order to facilitate the proper handover from predecessors to successors. In the last stage of the medieval period(the Sengoku era: 1467-1590), the central region of Japan(around Kyoto, Nara and Osaka) saw the establishment of families among the elite of village communities. After that, in the early modern period, formation of families became common even to ordinary peasants, tradespeople and artisans by the late 17th century, which, in geographical terms, expanded throughout all Japanese islands except Hokkaido. The membership of mura, a communal organization in rural areas, of cho, its urban equivalent, and of trade organizations of merchants and artisans were all confined to the head of families. Hence, the majority of the early modern documents is extant in the form of the family records. The private sector of the society in early modern Japan created and preserved no less quantities of documents than the ruling class, which seems to have been unique from a global perspective. Such documents were not fragmentary but massive and organized. On the ground of the preserved documents, village and town organizations, guilds and merchants staked their own rights. Hence, they attached particular importance to probative documents for which they sometimes built special depositories.