프랑스의 역사적 기록물과 관련된 증서학(diplomatique) 및 기록학(archivistique) - 역사, 제도, 이론
Diplomatics and Archive Science of the Historical Archives in France
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초록
6-10세기에는 증서의 보존이 거의 전적으로 종교기관에 의해 이루어졌다. 11-12세기에는 평신도 문서담당자가 등장하였다. 13세기 초에야 프랑스 국왕은 자신의 기록물에 대해 두드러진 관심을 표명하게 되었다. 19세기 중엽에 이르러 프랑스 기록학의 가장 큰 성과인, 퐁에 대한 존중이라는 개념이 탄생하였다. 오늘날 공공기록물 정책의 책임기관은 프랑스 기록국이다.
Abstract
At the high Middle Ages(the 6th-10th century), the conservation of the documents was assured almost exclusively by ecclesiastical establishments. At the 11th and 12th centuries there appeared lay persons in charge of documents. It was not until the early 13th century that kings of France expressed notable concern in their own documents. In the 13th century, more and more social classes(city authorities, merchants, feudal lords and so on) consumed and created documents and preserved them very carefully. More and more individuals wanted to confirm all kinds of their contracts(for example, trades, marriage and testament) in the form of writing. The features of the modern times are (1) multiplication of grand series of documents which is present throughout the territory at least since the early 17th century and continuing increase of produced amount; (2) in the last third of 17th century, deposition of ministerial documents was organized in addition to the treasury of documents. After the French Revolution, National Archives not only collected ministerial documents of the royal period but also destructed some documents. Those regarded as unnecessary or the symbol of 'Ancien Regime' were burned, sold by weight or reused as wastepaper for military use. Nevertheless the new concept of ‘historical monuments’ emerged then. This concept points archives which can be utilized for the sake of national education. In 1808, the first plan of classification for the archives of National Archives was invented. When the plan of classification for the departmental archives was drawn in 1841, a more thorough plan could be created. This creation gave birth to the concept of 'respect of fonds', which is the best accomplishment of France's archive science. Today the institution responsible for the policy about public archives is Ministry of Culture and Communication, more specifically Direction of the Archives of France. Libraries―especially National Library of France― also conserves a number of archives of the Middle Ages and the modern times. School of Charters was established for editing and studying the documents of the Middle Ages after the Revolution―between 1821 and 1829. It has trained many best specialists for studying, editing and classifying documents regardless of the date and the conservation site of them. The greatest person in the 19th century's archive science of France was Natalis de Wailly(1805-1886). He gave the principal inspiration to the bill of 1841. This bill regulated the principle of 'respect of fonds' for the first time, and it rapidly became the creed among all the European archivists.
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