조선후기 관찰사의 사법권 행사와 검률(檢律)의 역할
Execution of Legal authorities by the Gwanchal-sa magistrates in the latter half of the Joseon period, and the role of the Geom’ryul(檢律) officers
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이 논문은 조선시대 각도 감영에 파견되어 관찰사의 법률 자문 역할을 수행한 검률(檢律)에 주목하여 이들이 감영에 배치되게 된 과정과 배경, 역할과 임무, 그리고 직무상의 한계와 제약 등을 차례로 검토하였다. 지방에서 각도 관찰사의 사법적 권한이 막강하였던 만큼 그 휘하에서 법집행에 필요한 제반 업무를 수행한 검률의 임무 또한 매우 중요하였다. 논문의 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 도내 사법 행정을 총괄하는 관찰사의 권한은 광범위하였으므로 관찰사의 사법행정을 보좌하고 법률자문을 해줄 관리의 배치는 필수적이었는데, 이러한 배경에서 중앙에서 감영에 파견된 관리가 검률이었다. 검률은 율학(律學)을 전공한 기술관리인 율관(律官)의 하나로서 종9품의 품계를 가졌는데, 대략 태종 말 세종 초에 각도 감영과 제주에 이르기까지 검률의 배치가 완료되었다. 둘째, 관찰사의 형정을 보좌하는 검률의 업무는 다양하였는데, 형사사건의 피의자에 대한 신문, 사형 집행의 주관, 살옥(殺獄)에 대한 검시, 속전(贖錢)의 징수, 도류형(徒流刑)의 조율(照律) 등이 확인되었다. 셋째, 검률 역할이 갖는 중요성에도 불구하고 검률 직임 자체가 갖고 있는 한계 또한 작지 않았다. 당시 감영에 파견된 검률은 율관(律官) 중에서도 최하위인 종9품의 관리였기 때문에 경험 부족과 자질에 대한 논란이 적지 않았다. 또한 검률에 대한 부정적 인식은 결국 법조문 적용의 잘못 등을 이유로 검률이 처벌받는 일이 종종 발생하는 원인으로 작용하기도 하였다.
Abstract
Examined in this article is the Geom’ryul(檢律) officers, who were stationed at every Gam’yeong(監營) offices(administrative centers) of each of the Joseon provinces, and served as legal consultants to the Gwanchal-sa magistrates. Specific issues observed in this article includes: how they were stationed and what was the intention behind their dispatch, what was their primary role and mission, and what kind of limitations and obstacles they had to face in manning their duties. At the time in local regions, the legal authority of the Gwanchal-sa magistrates was quite powerful, which made the role of the Geom’ryul officers - who oversaw all necessary steps and relevant procedures under the magistrates - all the more important. Results of examination can be listed as below. First, because the range of authorities of the Gwanchal-sa magistrates was quite wide, as they had to oversee all legal and legislative affairs and issues rising inside the province, it was imperative that an officer who could provide legal advice and consultation to the magistrate be made available to one. Hence the Geom’ryul officers (dispatched from the central) were stationed at the magistrate’s side. They were penal/legislative officers[律官] well trained in legal studies[律學], and carried the rank of Jong(宗)-9. At the end of King Taejong’s reign and the beginning of King Sejong’s, Geom’ryul officers were stationed in every Gam’yeong office throughout the country, including the Jeju island. Secondly, as they were tasked with a mission to support the Gwanchal-sa magistrates’ penal administration, their roles were quite diverse. They had to engage in several areas, including interrogation of suspects in criminal cases, supervision of executions, overseeing autopsies of imprisoned corpses[殺獄], collection of redemption money(贖錢), and determination of the severity of exile punishments[徒流刑], etc. Thirdly, although their mission was of high importance, they had to succumb to certain limitations as well. As they harbored the lowest rank in the hierarchy structure, even the lowest among penal/legislative officers in general, they had to suffer criticism regarding their potential lack of experience or expertise. Such negative perception of the Geom’ryul officers also led to several instances of themselves being punished for misinterpreting or misapplying legal clauses to cases.