칠레 고등교육 제도의 변화와 무상교육의 등장
Changes in the Higher Education System in Chile and Free Education
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칠레 고등교육에서 무상교육 의제가 등장하게 된 것은 2011년 칠레 대학생들의 대규모 시위였다. 신자유주의 개혁 조치를 통해 고등교육 부문이 성장한 것이 사실이지만, 대규모 대학생 시위가 보여 준 것처럼 고등교육의 질 저하, 교육비 부담 상승, 교육 기회의 불평등이라는 문제가 심화되었기 때문이다. 이에 학생들은 시위를 통해 ‘무상교육’을 요구했던 것이다. 2016년 무상교육을 향한 첫발을 내딛게 되었지만, 전면적인 무상 고등교육을 주장하는 시민사회와 학생들의 요구와 국가재정 상황에 따른 현실적인 목표 설정을 주장하는 세력 간 서로 입장이 다르다. 최근의 헌법제정에서 보여주는 것처럼 급진적인 개혁에 대한 부담감이 사회 전체에 있는 상황에서 고등 무상교육의 미래는 불확실한 것도 사실이다. 이 글에서는 무상교육이라는 의제가 등장하게 된 맥락을 이해하기 위해 먼저 2011년 대학생 시위가 나타나게 된 구조적인 원인들을 살펴볼 것이다. 나아가 이 원인들을 칠레 고등교육 정책이 변화해온 맥락 속에서 분석하고자 한다. 그리고 학생들의 등록금 부담을 덜어주기 위해 등장했던 정책들의 한계를 정부보증대출금 제도를 통해 간략하게 정리하고, 2016년 실시된 무상교육 제도와 그 의의를 살펴보고자 한다.
Abstract
The reason for the emergence of the free education agenda in Chile's higher education was a large-scale protest by college students in 2011. Although the higher education sector grew through neoliberal reform, the problems of deteriorating the quality of higher education, rising education costs, and inequality in educational opportunities, as shown by large-scale college student protests, were intensified. In response, college students demanded 'free education' through protests. Although the first step toward free education was taken in 2016, the positions are different between those who insist on full-scale free higher education and those who insist on setting realistic goals according to the national financial situation. It is also true that the future of free higher education is uncertain at a time when there is a lot of pressure on radical reform, just as the new constitution is recently rejected. In order to understand the context in which the agenda of free education emerged, this article will first examine the structural causes of the 2011 college student protests. Furthermore, I would like to analyze these causes in the context of changes in Chile's higher education policy. In addition, I would like to briefly summarize the limitations of policies that have emerged to ease the burden of tuition fees for students through the CAE system, and examine the significance of the free education system implemented in 2016.
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