기악 연주기술 발달에 영향을 주는 요인 및 교육적 적용을 위한 탐색 : 관련 연구의 문헌적 고찰에 근거하여
The Factors Influencing the Development of Instrumentalists’ Musical Performance Skills and a Search for Educational Implications: Based on Related Literature Review
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초록
기악 연주기술 발달은 음악교육의 중요한 목표 중의 하나로 효과적으로 연습하는 능력은 기악 연주기술 습득의 중요한 요소로 간주되어 왔다. 연주기술은 개개인의 학습 이력에 따른 결과로서 기악 연주기술이 발달되는 과정과 방식 및 최종 습득되는 연주기술의 구조와 수준은 개인마다 다른 것으로 추정되고 있다. 학생들의 악기 연습과정을 적절히 안내하고 지원하기 위해서 교사는 여러 수준의 학생들에게 적합한 효과적인 연습전략을 계획 구안하여 제안할 수 있는 능력과 이를 위한 전문적인 식견이 요구된다. 기악 연주기술 발달과 관련된 다양한 문제 및 악기 연습과정에 관련된 여러 요인들에 대한 기악 실기 교사들의 이해를 도모하기 위해 교사들에게 이에 대한 심리학적 원리와 학술적 근거 자료를 제공할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 포괄적인 문헌조사를 토대로 과학적인 방식으로 실행된 관련연구들을 수집 조사 분석 종합하여 기악 연주기술 발달에 영향을 주는 변인들을 다각적으로 규명하였으며 이에 근거하여 효율적인 연습기법과 교수전략을 탐색하여 체계적인 기악 실기지도의 방향을 제언하였다. 본 연구에서 중점적으로 조사한 내용은 다음과 같다: 연습의 속성과 3단계 전략적 국면; 연습량과 연주 성취도와의 상관관계; 기악 연주기술 습득과정; 기악 연주기술 발달에 영향을 주는 내적 요인(동기유발, 개인적 성향, 자기규제 능력) 및 외적 사회 환경적 요인(가정환경, 조기 음악적 경험, 부모와 교사의 역할); 음악연주의 인지적 표상화 능력; 숙련된 연주자의 연습행동 특성; 및 효과적인 기악 연습기법(연주 모델 제시하기, 연습목표 설정 및 구조화된 연습, 유목적 반복연습, 및 정신적 연습과 신체적 연습). 관련연구들을 검토한 바에 의하면 기악 연주기술 습득과 뛰어난 연주력은 타고난 유전적 소질이라는 입장보다는 여러 후천적 요인들이 작용된다는 견해가 지배적이다. 즉, 연습과 노력, 성취 욕구, 자기규제(self-regulation) 성향 등의 개인 관련 내적 요인 및 긍정적인 조기 음악경험, 교사와 부모의 우호적이고 적극적인 지원 등을 포함하는 외적 환경 요인과 많은 관련성을 지니는 것으로 설명되고 있다. 하지만 유전적 소인의 개인 차이가 동기유발 과정과 어려운 일에 참여하는 능력 등에 영향을 주는 것으로 추정되고 있다.
Abstract
The development of instrumentalists’musical performance skills has been considered as one of the most important goals in music teaching, and the ability to practice effectively is essential for acquiring musical performance skills. Instrumental music teachers need competency to plan and to suggest the strategies for effective practice. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a better understanding of what makes practice effective and how it contributes to the acquisition of musical expertise. The purpose of the study was to review and synthesize the research findings in the development of instrumentalists’ musical performance skills to investigate the variables that influence the development of performance skill and the effectiveness of practice. The present study discussed the concept of deliberate practice, three strategic practices, the amount of practice time, skill acquisition phases, and the development of expertise in music. The study also identified the intrinsic factors on musical development such as motivation, the cognitive style (reflection/impulsivity), self-regulation, as well as the environmental influences which include the home environment: early interactions with music, supervised practice by parents, and the role of the music teacher. Finally, suggestions were provided for applying these research findings to actual music teaching practices. Based on the characteristics of practice behavior of expert musicians and three cognitive skills of instrumentalists’ musical performance, the following practice techniques and strategies were described: practice approach in an organized, goal-oriented manner; purposeful repetition; focus on error detection and correction; providing performance model and self-monitoring; mental practice in combination with physical practice; study and analysis of scores; and regular practice sessions.
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