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세대간회계에 의한 국민연금의 세대간형평성과 지속가능성 측정

Intergenerational Equity and Sustainability of the Korean National Pension: A Generational Accounting

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주제분류경제학

초록

본고는 국민연금에 적합한 세대간형평성과 지속가능성의 지표들을 세대간회계로부터 도출하고 측정치들을 제시한다. 본고의 세대간회계는 두 가지의 특징이 있다. 첫째, Auerbach etal.(1991)의 ‘잔차 접근법’이라는 전통적 세대간회계에 비해 간명한 유럽연합 연구자들의 ‘지속가능성 접근법’이라고 하는 새로운 세대간회계이다. 둘째, 사회보장연금들에 일반적인 장기추계모형과 가입자들의 이력자료를 이용하여 모든 세대계정이 전체 생애에 대해 추계되는 Leimer(1994), 최기홍(2013)의 ‘확장된 세대간회계’이다. 도출된 지표들은 2013년 재정계산의 추계모형과 이력자료로부터 시범적으로 측정되었다. 먼저 세대간형평성의 지표로서 세대별 수익성은 제도 초기 특혜의 소멸과 1998, 2007년 재정안정화 조치의 영향으로 후세대로 갈수록 낮아진다. 보다 바람직한 지표인 세대별 일인당 순혜택은 초기세대들이 높은 수익성에도 불구하고 낮은 가입률과 짧은 기여연수로 가장 작고 1975년 무렵 출생한 세대들이 높은 가입률과 긴 기여연수로 통념과 달리 가장 크다. 다음으로 국민연금의 모든 지속가능성 지표들은 재정적으로 취약한 미국 OASDI에 비해서도 두 배 이상 낮게 나타나서 개혁의 필요성을 시사한다. 추계모형을 이용한 가상적인 보험료 인상 시뮬레이션에 의하면 장기 수지상등 (actuarially fair) 보험료로 판단되는 15% 수준의 인상에도 지속가능하지 못하여 다양한 재정안정화 방안들에 대한 검토가 필요한 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

This study derives the indicators of intergenerational equity and sustainability for the social security pension from generational accounting. The characteristic of this generational accounting can be summarized by two aspects. First, it follows the “sustainability approach” instead of the conventional “residual approach.” Second, all the generational accounts cover their entire lifetime using both the actuarial projection model and the administrative data, which are available in the most social security pension schemes. According to a demonstration analysis, the cohort profitabilities, an indicator of intergenerational equity, are decreasing as birth year increases. The reason is that the special benefits in the early stage phased out and the effects of the two reforms in 1998, 2007 are gradually increasing. The more desirable indicator of per capita net benefits show the highest value around the cohort born in 1975 due to their larger coverage rates and longer contribution years despite their lower profitabilities. Next, all the proposed indicators of sustainability display values less than half of those values of the OASDI. Finally, a simulation shows that the 15% contribution rate, considered as a long-run actuarially fair rate, is not sufficient for the sustainability. It means a combination of diverse reform measures are required to recover the sustainability of current scheme.

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