2차 세계대전 연구동향과 전망
Contemporary Historiography on the Second World War
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제2차 세계대전에 대한 연구는 크게 냉전시기와 냉전 후 시기로 나눌 수 있다. 본 논문에서 주로 다루고 있는 것은 냉전 종식 이후 나온 연구서들에 대한 사학사적 고찰이다. 냉전이 종식되고 1990년대 구 공산권 국가들의 사료가 공개되자 2차 대전 연구에 새로운 지평이 열리기 시작했다. 새로운 사료의 발굴로 2차 대전에 대한 재해석이 요구된 것이다. 최근 연구에서는 2차 대전을 억지하지 못한 책임에 중점을 두는 대신 2차 대전 발발의 근본적 원인은 히틀러였음이 다시 강조되고 있다. 물론 히틀러 외에 1차 대전 이후 겪은 독일과 유럽 사회의 역사적 경험도 중요한 발발 요인으로 재인식되고 있다. 진주만 기습에 대한 이해도 진주만 기습 이전 태평양의 지배권을 놓고 각축을 벌인 미일관계에서 찾으려는 해석이 시도되고 있다. 냉전 이후 나온 연구서들은 연합군의 승리 요인에 대해서도 새로운 해석을 내놓고 있다. 미국과 영국의 협력을 승리의 근본적인 이유로 보는 대신 동유럽에서 펼쳐진 독일과 러시아의 전투가 가장 중요한 전투였고, 이것을 승리로 이끈 러시아가 2차 대전의 승패를 결정 지었다는 것이다. 2차 대전의 전세를 역전시킨 가장 중요한 전투는 태평양이나 서유럽 지역에서 있었던 미드웨이 해전이나 노르망디 상륙작전이 아니라 러시아 전선에서 있었던 모스크바, 스탈린그라드, 그리고 쿠르스크 전투였다. 또한 연합군의 승리 요인에 대한 분석에서도 산업능력보다 문화적인 요인을 중시하는 해석이 나타났다. 전쟁 책임에 대한 해석 또한 바뀌고 있다. 전범을 재판한 연합국의 법적 근거에 대하여 의문을 제기하고 있을 뿐 아니라 전범 재판이 패전국에 미친 영향이 크지 않았음을 지적하고 있다. 무엇보다 스탈린의 학살에 대한 자세한 연구가 나오면서 전범 재판을 실시하였던 연합국의 도덕적 정당성에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있다. 냉전 종식 이후 2차 대전 연구에서 주목할 새로운 경향은 민족주의 혹은 국가주의 해석을 극복하고 초국가적 시각(transnational perspective)에서 세계 대전을 연구하려는 시도가 증가하고 있다는 점이다. 승전국이나 패전국의 시각을 초월하는 인류의 보편적 가치에 바탕을 둔 연구의 등장이 그것을 말해 주고 있다. 러시아의 학살이 새로 주목되는 것이나 승전국의 공습과 같은 것에 대한 비판적 접근도 이런 변화의 일부분이라 판단된다.
Abstract
The peace in the post war world did not last long. The world was immediately trapped into terror of the Cold War between the West and the East. The Cold War situation naturally left a deep ideological impact upon the historical interpretation of the Second World War. In the West, many historians thought the Second World War was an ‘unnecessary war’ because it would not have been inevitable if the Western political leaders had wisely responded to Adolf Hitler’s aggression. The unnecessary war was thought to benefit the Soviet Union, which rose up as a great power and consequently initiated the Cold War. From this perspective, the Western political leaders were criticized for appeasing Hitler to initiate the Second World War and , regarding the reason of the Allies‘ victory, the industrial and economic power of the Western countries, especially the United States, was evaluated as the major factor in defeating the Axis powers. Concerning the issue of war responsibility, the Nazi leaders and Japanese militarists were considered to have fair trials at the war crimes tribunals. With the opening of the archives of Russia and Eastern European countries after the Cold War ended in the 1990s, however, conventional interpretation of the Second World War was strongly challenged. New materials discovered from the archives of the former communist countries provided contradictory evidence against the conventional interpretation about the Second World War. The history of the Second World War was required to be rewritten and reinterpreted. New interpretation of the Second World War in the post-Cold War era verifies the imperial ambition of the Germany ignited by Adolf Hitler as the major cause of the war. Along with Hitler, the historical experience of the First World War and its impact on the European and German societies have also been reevaluated regarding cause of the Second World War. Explaining the Allies’ victory, new interpretations emphasize the role of the Russian military forces in defeating the German forces in the Second World War. The critical turning points in the war were made in the eastern front rather than in the western front or in the Pacific. Because conquering Russia was the major war aim for Hitler, he deployed more forces in the East than in the West. He expected to get an easy victory in Russia. But he faced miserable defeats in the East against the formidable Russian forces, especially in Kursk, Stalingrad, and Moscow. The Allies’ victory was won because of the turning points made in the East. On the issue of the war crimes trials, new interpretations challenge the conventional one. The war crimes trials were not interpreted as effective in cultivating the ethics of responsibility in the defeated societies. The defeated countries did not voluntarily take any ethical responsibility about the war. In addition, more importantly, new interpretations based on recently opened materials show that the Allies also committed war crimes too. Stalin killed several millions of innocent civilians, who had nothing to do with the war, which is as many as Hitler did. Stalin’s massacre of civilians occurred in the regions between Russia and Germany, which were termed “Bloodlands” by Timothy Snyder. The justice of the war crimes tribunals therefore has been seriously questioned. Conclusively speaking, conventional interpretation of the Second World War seems to lose its ground against new interpretations in the post Cold War era. However, it is still very hard to define the decisive trend in the recent historical writings about the Second World War because there are still many various interpretations depending on ideology, race, nation and other factors about the war. As John Keegan predicts, it will not be easy to see a well-balanced interpretation of the Second World War in the near future. Maybe we need to wait another 100 years to read that kind of book.
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