신라 하대 軍制의 변화와 그 붕괴

Abstract

There had been, for its millenium, five turning points in the military system of Silla: from Six Regiments(六部兵) to Two Regiments(二部兵),from two to Daedang(大幢) and Jeong System(停制), from Daedang and Jeong System to Six Jeong/Nine Seodang(6停·9誓幢), and lastly to Three Divisions(三軍). The system in the late period of the dynasty began to collapse after it had culminated in Six Jeong/Nine Seodang. The genuine causes ofthe collapse lie first in the enlistment system. The enlistment system here means the 'fixed' military hierarchy which the Silla Dynasty had adopted since its foundation. It enabled Silla to pursuit for the unification of the three nations. However there lurked the serious problem in it. That is, under the enlistment system, soldiers were likely to be more devoted to their superior commanders rather than to their monarchs. Thus they were sometimes involved in mutiny in the name of their superior commanders.The extreme case of it was the various revolts which brokeout in the age of Hyegong(惠恭) King, at the end of Jungdae. After that, Jingol(眞骨) aristocrats engaged in the fights for the crown training the private army which had been prohibited at that time. The above features eventually led to the collapse of the public military system. Second, there was a national policy of ‘priority of civil service to military service' after the unification. Even though the gist of the Silla military system is its military officers, the dynasty enforced the priority. The wil lof Munmu(文武)King's, melt the weapons to make the farming tools, evinced the ethos of the time. Another evidence of the policy was Dokseosampum(讀書三品科) in the fourth year of King Wonseong(元聖)(788). It accelerated the predominance of civil service over military service. Also regional servicemen were exclusively selected from the graduates of Gukhak(國學). The policy was meant, by the ruling class, to spread the Confucian ideas and to strengthen the royal authorities, however, it resulted in the negative effect, the weakenin go fits military power. The dynasty, experiencing the collapse of Six Jeong/Nine Seodang system and distrusting the power of central military service, lastly resorted to the building of military camp Jin(鎭) on each seminal points. At the end of the dynasty, it was common to build ‘Jin' : the examples are Paegangjin(浿江鎭), Cheonghaejin(淸海鎭), Danseongjin(唐城鎭), Hyeolgujin(穴口鎭) and Jankujin(長口鎭). These jins effectively checked them ilitary power of local areas,not to mention that it protected the national barriers. However, the military power of jins came to be burden some to the central government when itcould notproperly controlthem.At the end of the dynasty, the chaotic situations such as the collapse ofthe central and local military system, and the rampancy of thieves all around gave way to the ounding of new nations, Hubaekje(後百濟) and Hugoguryeo(後高句麗), which were based upon the military power of Jins