20세기 마을어장의 변동과 전통적 어업공동체 ‘똠’의 지속 -흑산군도를 중심으로-

Abstract

The study is to figure out the operation and status of a traditional fisheries community in Heuksan archipelago “Ddom”; and this study is also designed to discuss the process that the traditional fisheries community is adapted to the changed fishing ground in the 20th century. There has been a traditional fisheries community, called “Ddom”, in Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. Ddom is a community to share the jobs from looking after wild seaweeds to harvesting and distributing them. Each village has two or four Ddoms which enables the people to divide fishing grounds into several sections and allocate each Ddom a section to harvest seaweeds. And each Ddom has a manager; they are responsible for maintaining the fishing ground and informing the members of Ddom of the schedule for the harvest and distribution as well as the method. When it is time to harvest seaweeds, one or two memebers from each household participate in the community work-to harvest seaweeds in the Ddom, and then the total amount of seaweeds is equally distributed to each household. The beginning of Ddom is unknown; however, it is estimated that it has existed as a traditional fisheries community before the 20th century. The villages’ fishing grounds started to be changed due to the establishment of the fishery management system in the early 20th century. <the Fishery Law> in the end of Joseon Dynasty in 1908 and <the Fishery Act> under the control of Japan in 1911 had an impact on the fishing grounds in villages. From that time, fishing grounds all over the country started to be appointed as a chartered fishery, permitted fishery, or free fishery; and this determines the boundary of the fishing ground of each village. As the residents harvesting the seaweeds regardless of the villages divided the coastal zones of each village under the supervision of the government in the early 20th century. In the process, the coast in Heuksan archipelago was also divided into the coastal zones, and the current coastal zones were defined through the course of dispute and agreement. For instance, the heads of the two villages adjacent to Hongdo Island drove the boats and defined the point in which they met as the local coastal zone; and the local coastal zones of Daedundo Island, Damuldo Island were decided by the representatives and local government officials of villages. The interesting aspect of this process is that the boundary of Ddoms was classified in detail as the local zones were determined. Considering the oral statement given by the residents and the circumstance at that time, it is assumed that the traditional fisheries community, “Ddom” had been a relatively flexible community before the local coastal zones were determined in the early 20th century. The systems of villages’ fishing grounds were subject to a massive change due to the advent of fishing village societies in 1960s. In order to unify the marine products associations as “National Federation of Fisheries Corperatives”, “National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives”, and “Fishing Village Societies”, the Fisheries Cooperative Act was established in 1962. In the course of establishing the act, the fishing societies, the villages’ fisheries communities were also founded. Since then, fishing societies started acting as official organs to operate villages’ fishing grounds and supervising the fishing industry. In addition, it can be said that the current fishing societies are successfully settled 50 years after the establishment; Yet, there are still traditional fisheries communities in the fishing villages. When it comes to Heuksan archipelago , the village fishing grounds are currently supervised and maintained by the village hall, fishing societies, Ddoms, and the each organ has their own function and responsibility. What sustains Ddoms is that the communities function effectively by sharing the jobs to harvest seaweeds for a long time and are indivisible with the village communities. The village hall and fishing society collaborate each other in Heuksan archipelago; the village hall is in chare of supervising the fishing business and harvesting seaweeds, and the fishing society takes a role in managing fish farms belonging to public waters and requiring the private investment.